Immunomodulation: The next target of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of ischemic stroke

Figure 2 Strategies to enhance the targeting of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. Multiple strategies to be done before exosomes can be successfully translated into new technologies to improve the targeting ability of donor cells and therapeutic efficacy of chemical and biomolecular drugs. Current preclinical studies are focused on parental cells' modification (pre-isolation) (A); manipulation of exosome (post-isolation) (B). (Figure created with BioRender.com).