Stem cells and pain

Figure 3 Analgesic mechanisms of stem cells depending on the route of administration and targets/tissues. This scheme summarizes the mechanistic changes caused by stem cell (SC) treatment that resulted in analgesia. The explanation of analgesic mechanisms of SC treatments in the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, intravenous and local treatment (intra articulary) (indicated by the syringes) can be observed by up and down arrows plus the changed parameter. ATF3: Activating transcription factor 3; CGRP: Calcitonin gene-related peptide; IB4: Isolectin B4; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; NGF: Nerve growth factor; PGP9.5: Protein gene product 9.5; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF: Transforming growth factor; IL: Interleukin.