Stem cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes: Are we still on the road?

Table 1 The differences between human and mouse pancreatic embryogenesis

Differences	Mice	Human	Ref.
Morphological change	Early separation of foregut from notochord: e8.75	Delayed separation of foregut from notochord: 4-5 wpc	[58,59]
	Early formation of tip and trunk of pancreass: e14-e15	The tip and trunk pancreas form late: 6-8 wpc	[18,60,61]
	Late islet formation: Endocrine cells do not aggregate until birth to form islets	Islet formation is early: formation begins at 12 wpc	[62,63]
Expression of transcription factors	PDX1: Early expression, the current intestinal and notochord is still in contact with the expression	PDX1: Late expression, delayed until the foregut and notochord separated from each other	[58,59]
	NKX2.2: When it was confined to NGN3+ progenitor cells, it was widely expressed in mouse MPPs up to e13	NKX2.2: This expression does not appear until the cells have differentiated into endocrine lineage in human	[18,64]
	SOX17: It was not present in mouse pancreatic epithelial cells	SOX17: Markers specific to the endoderm of the human islet	[65]
Endocrine cell formation	α cells: e8.5	α cells: 8-9 wpc	[25,62,66]
	β cells: e10.5-e.12.5	β cells: 6 wpc
	δ cells: e14.5	δ cells: 10 wpc
	PP cells: e10.5-e.12.5	PP cells: 17 wpc