Adipose tissue in bone regeneration - stem cell source and beyond

Table 1 Factors that influence adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells secretome content and release[99-101]

Donor	Tissue	Culture conditions	Cell manipulation
Species	Type (sWAT, vWAT)	2D vs 3D (spheroid culture, cell sheets), suspension culture	Preconditioning (IFN-γ, TNF-α, LPS)
Age	Anatomic location (abdominal, brachial, mammary)	Hypoxia	Differentiation (osteogenic, adipogenic)
BMD (obesity)	Method of procurement (lipectomy, liposuction)	Plating density, co-culture	Physical factors (electromagnetic fields, pulsed electromagnetic fields)
Disease (T2D, metabolic syndrome, lipodystrophy)	Methods of tissue processing, enzymatic digestion, mechanical trituration	Media formulation (serum containing versus serum free, growth factor addition)

T2D: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; sWAT: Subcutaneous white adipose tissue; vWAT: Visceral white adipose tissue; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; BMD: Bone mineral density.