Human amniotic fluid stem cell therapy can help regain bladder function in type 2 diabetic rats

Figure 4 Immunoreactivities. In diabetes (DM) rats, the M2 immunoreactivity was increased at 4 wk compared with 12 wk. The M2 immunoreactivity was increased at 4 and 12 wk and M3 immunoreactivity was increased at 4 wk compared with normal diet (ND)/high-fat diet (HFD) control groups. The M2 immunoreactivity recovered at 4 wk after insulin treatment. The DM rats had significantly reduced immunoreactivities to nerve growth factor (NGF), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P at 4 and 12 wk compared with ND/HFD control groups. Insulin treatment can recover CGRP immunoreactivity and human amniotic fluid stem cells treatment can recover NGF immunoreactivity at 4 wk after DM induction. n = 6. Statistics: Median with first and third quartile (Q1, Q3) for continuous variables. Two-way analysis of variance was used for initial analysis. Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Bonferroni test for intergroup analysis. Mann-Whitney U test for the comparison between 4 wk and 12 wk. P values are shown in each comparison. A: M2-muscarinic receptor; B: M3-muscarinic receptor; C: Nerve growth factor; D: Calcitonin gene-related peptide; E: Substance P in the bladder of rats of different groups. ND: Normal diet; DM: Diabetes mellitus; hAFSCs: Human amniotic fluid stem cells; HFD: High-fat diet.