Physical energy-based ultrasound shifts M1 macrophage differentiation towards M2 state

Figure 3 Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound shifts M1 macrophages towards M2 state. A: The morphology of macrophages was observed by microscopy. Black, red, and yellow arrows represent M0, M1, and M2 macrophages, respectively; B: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the gene expression of cell phenotypes maker iNOS, CD86, CD206, and ARG1 after being treated by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. Low intensity = 0.25 W/cm², medium intensity = 0.5 W/cm², and high intensity = 0.75 W/cm².