Physical energy-based ultrasound shifts M1 macrophage differentiation towards M2 state

Figure 2 Low-Intensity pulsed ultrasound significantly increases the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine and decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine. A: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 after being treated by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS); B: ELISA was used to analyze the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 after being treated with LIPUS. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. Low intensity = 0.25 W/cm², medium intensity = 0.5 W/cm², and high intensity = 0.75 W/cm². TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin.