Profile of biological characterizations and clinical application of corneal stem/progenitor cells

Table 3 Causes of limbal stem cell deficiency

Item	Causes
Hereditary LSCD	Congenital aniridia[80,81]
	Dyskeratosis congenital[82,83]
	Xeroderma pigmentosum[84]
	Peters’ anomaly[85]
	Keratitis ichthyosis deafness syndrome[86]
	Epidermolysis bullosa[87]
Acquired LSCD	Acquired nonimmune-mediated	Burns	Alkali burns[88,89]
			Acid burns[90,91]
			Thermal burns[92,93]
			Radiation burns[94]
		Infection	Viral keratitis[95]
			Bacterial keratitis[96]
			Trachoma[97,98]
		Oncologic	Ocular surface tumours[99]
		Iatrogenic	Cryotherapy[84,100]
			Chemotherapeutic agents[101-103]
			Surgeries in the limbic region[103,104]
		Others	Contact lens use[105,106]
			Bullous keratopathy[107]
	Acquired primary immune-mediated	Stevens-Johnson syndrome[108]
		Mucous membrane pemphigoid[109,110]
		Vernal keratoconjunctivitis[111,112]
		Atopic keratoconjunctivitis[113]
		Graft-versus-host disease[114,115]

LSCD: Limbal stem cells deficiency.