Epigenetic regulation by long noncoding RNAs in osteo-/adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells and degenerative bone diseases

Table 3 Interactions between long noncoding RNAs and epigenetic modifiers in degenerative bone diseases

LncRNAs	Samples	Expression	Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms	Target genes	Effects	Ref.
CTBP1-AS2	OA chondrocytes	Up	Increasing the methylation level of target gene	miR-130a	Decease proliferation rate of OA chondrocytes	Zhang et al[74]
XIST	OA chondrocytes	Up	Facilitating the recruitment of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B	TIMP-3	Raise collagen degradation in OA chondrocytes	Chen et al[76]
SNHG15	OA cartilage tissues	Down	SNHG15 was inhibited by methylation of its promoter	miR-7/KLF4	Affect ECM homeostasis	Chen et al[33]
SNHG9	OA chondrocytes	Down	Altering the methylation level of target gene	miR-34a	Affect apoptotic rate of chondrocytes	Zhang et al[80]
H19	UMR-106 and bone tissues from osteoporosis rat model	Down	H19 was inhibited by DNMT1-induced hypermethylation of its promoter	ERK-MAPK signaling-related genes	Impair osteogenic differentiation	Li et al[85]
MEG3	SMSCs	Up	Facilitating EZH2-mediated H3K27me3	TRIB2	Inhibit chondrogenic differentiation	You et al[87]

LncRNAs: Long noncoding RNAs; OA: Osteoarthritis; SMSCs: Synovium-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.