Cardiac stem cells: Current knowledge and future prospects

Table 2 Completed clinical trials reporting on the use of cardiac derived stem cells in cardiovascular disorders

Study name, NCT Number	Start year	Study phase	Cardio-vascular disease	Patients number	Type of cardiac stem cells/origin	Route of delivery /count of cells	Timing of cell delivery	Follow up times	Imagingtechniques	Outcomes	Ref.
CADUCEUS, 00893360	2009	1	IHD	17	Autologous CDCs/endomyocardial biopsies	IC/12.5-25 × 106	1.5-3 m post STEMI	6 mo	MRI	Significant reduction in infarct size	[221]
										Significant growth in viable mass global LVEF remains unchanged LVEF and volumes.
ALLSTAR, 01458405	2017	I/II	IHD	90	Allogenic CDCs/endomyocardial biopsies	IC/25 × 106	< 5 d post MI	12 mo	MRI	No effect on scar sizeAttenuation of post infarct cardiac remodeling	[222]
										Improvement in LV end diastolic volume
ALCADIA, 00981006	2010	I	CHFIHDVD	6	Autologous hCSCs/endomyocardial biopsies + bFGF on gelatin hydrogel sheet	IM/0.5 × 106 /kg and 200 µg of bFGF	At CABG	12 mo	Not mentioned	Decreased scar size	[229]
ESCORT, 020579000	2013	I	IHD	6	ESCs-derived ISL1+ CSCs	Epicardial patch 5-10 × 106 CSCs embedded in a fibrin patch	At CABG	18 mo	CT	Symptomatically improved patients with an increased systolic motion of the cell- treated segments.	[223]
									PET scan
										The protocol generated a highly purified population of cardiovascular progenitors.
									Echo
										One patient died of heart failure after 22 mo
CAREMI, 02439398.	2014	I/II	AMI	55	Allogeneic hCSCs/right atrial appendage	IC/35 × 106 cells	5 to 7 d after successful reperfusion of AMI by PCI or 8 d from symptoms onset	1 wk, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12 mo	MRI	Allogeneic CSCs intracoronary infusion early after AMI is safe and anticipates reasonable efficacy outcomes	[227]
									ECG
CONSERT-HF, 02501811.	2015	II	HF	125	Autologous c-KIT+ CPCs + MSCs/right ventricular endocardial biopsy + Bone marrow aspiration	Trans endocardial/150 × 106 MSCs and 5 × 106 CPCs	14 wk after cell harvest	6 and 12 mo	MRI	Increased LVEF	[230]
									Treadmill
										Decrease in infarct size with LV end systolic volume reduction.
									Questionnaire
										Strong safety profile
HOPE, 02485938	2015	I\II	CM secondary to DMD	25	Allogeneic CDCs	IC/75 × 106	Not specified	12 mo	MRI	Significant scar reduction improvement in inferior wall systolic thickening compared to the usual care group.	[228]
									Questionnaire
										CDCs are generally safe and well-tolerated
DYNAMIC, 02293603	2014	I	Idiopathic dilated CM	42	Allogeneic CDC/not specified	IC/Stepwise dose escalation	Not specified	6, 12 mo	ECG	Not published	_
									Cardiac enzymes
TICAP, 01273857	2011	I	HLHS	7	Autologous CDCs/right atrial appendage	IC/0.3 × 106 cells/kg	1 m after cardiac surgery	36 mo	Echo	Safety of the procedure	[233]
										Increased right ventricle ejection fraction
										Improved somatic growth
										Reduced heart failure status
Perseus, 01829750	2013	II	HLHS	34	Autologous CDCs/not specified	IC/0.3 × 106 cells/kg	4 to 9 wk after surgery	3 and 12 mo follow-up	EchoMRIQuestionnaire	Significant improve of ventricular function	[231]
										Improved somatic growth, and quality of life
										Reduced heart failure status and cardiac fibrosis compared with baseline

AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; CABG: Coronary artery by bass graft; CHF: Congestive heart failure; CM: Cardiomyopathy; CSC: Cardiac stem cell; DMD: Duchenne muscle dystrophy; hCSC: Human-derived cardiac stem cell; HLHS: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome; IC: Intracoronary; IHD: Ischemic heart disease; IHF: Ischemic heart failure; IM: Intramyocardial; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NCT: National clinical trial; PCI: Percutaneous infusion; STEMI: ST segment elevation after MI; VD: Ventricular dysfunction.