Current understanding of mesenchymal stem cells in liver diseases

Table 1 Experiments using mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in animals

Disease	Treatment	Source	Animal	Main results	Mechanism	Ref.
ALF	APAP	Human UC-MSCs	Mice	Alleviate hepatic injury and improve survival rates	Mediate paracrine effects, regulate inflammatory response	Liu et al[38], 2014
ALF	LPS	Human UC-MSCs	Monkeys	Improve the hepatic histology, systemic homeostasis, and survival	Suppress the hepatic aggregation and maturation of circulating monocytes and their IL-6 secretion	Guo et al[40], 2019
LC	CCl4	Human UC-MSCs	Rats	Improve liver transaminases and synthetic function, reduce liver histopathology, and reverse hepatobiliary fibrosis	Differentiate into hepatocytes	Zhang et al[3], 2017
LC	CCl4	Monkey BM-MSCs	Mice	Decrease liver fibrosis, progression, and hepatocyte necrosis	Mediate paracrine effects	Fu et al[42], 2018
LC	TAA	Human BM-MSCs	Rats	Decrease collagen proportionate area and the content of hepatic hydroxyproline	Mediate TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway	Jang et al[41], 2014
NAFLD	HFD	Mice BM-MSCs	Mice	Decrease fibrosis markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines	Regulate inflammatory process	Ezquer et al[46], 2011
NAFLD	HFD	Mice BM-MSCs	Mice	Decrease weight gain, expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue, steatosis, lobular inflammation, and liver fibrosis	Suppress the proliferation of CD 4+ T cells	Wang et al[47], 2018

MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; AFL: Acute liver failure; LC: Liver cirrhosis; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; APAP: Acetaminophen; LPS: α-amatoxin and lipopolysaccharide; TAA: Thioacetamide; HFD: High-fat diet; BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived MSCs; UC-MSCs: Umbilical cord-derived MSCs.