Modulating poststroke inflammatory mechanisms: Novel aspects of mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular vesicles and microglia

Figure 2 An overview as to how mesenchymal stem cells promote neurogenesis and neurological recovery. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are isolated and identified from various tissue sources. These MSCs produce different angiogenic and neurotrophic factors by paracrine mechanisms in order to act on astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and angiogenesis, promoting neurological recovery and neurogenesis. IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factors; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factors; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; NAP-2: Neutrophil activating protein 2; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; Ang-1: Angiopoietin-1; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.