Bone marrow mononuclear cells for joint therapy: The role of macrophages in inflammation resolution and tissue repair

Figure 3 Gross and analytical findings from normal and inflamed equine joints treated with bone marrow mononuclear cells[55]. A: Improvements in synovial fluid associated with decreased cellularity and red cell contamination at 96 h compared to Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated controls; B: Improvements in the synovium were reflected by decreased intra-and peri- and articular synovial hemorrhage and edema, in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNC)-(black arrowheads) compared to; C: PBS-treated joints (white arrowheads); D: There was a marked increase in synovial fluid interleukin 10 concentrations at 24 h in inflamed joints, which was much higher in BMNC-treated joints as compared with PBS-treated joints; E and F: BMNC-treated joints exhibited lower scores for all histological aspects of inflammation, although these were only significant (P < 0.05) for vascularity and the composite score(F); Citation: Menarim BC, Gillis KH, Oliver A, Mason C, Ngo Y, Were SR, Barrett SH, Luo X, Byron CR, Dahlgren. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells modulate joint homeostasis in an equine in vivo model of synovitis. FASEB J 33, 14337–14353. Copyright © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Wiley Online Library in cooperation with the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; BMNC: Bone marrow mononuclear cells.