Effects of shear stress on differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells

Table 3 Studies on shear stress regulating embryonic stem cell to endothelial differentiation

Cell source	Condition of shear stress	Markers expressed	Function tested	Signaling molecule	Ref.
Mouse ESCs	Cone-plate apparatus 1 × 10-4 N/cm2 1 d	VEGFR2, PECAM1, smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle protein 22-α, MEF2C, and α-sarcomeric actin	Matrigel tube formation assay	Epigenetic modification of histones and transcription complexes bearing acetyltransferase activity	Illi et al[44], 2005
Mouse ESCs	Parallel plate flow chamber 1.5 × 10-4 N/cm2 2 d	Flk-1, VE-cadherin, and PECAM1	Matrigel tube formation assay	-	Ahsan and Nerem[45], 2010
Mouse ESCs	Parallel plate flow chamber 5 × 10-5 N/cm2 2 d	Flk-1, VE-cadherin, and PECAM1	-	-	Nsiah et al[46], 2014
Mouse ESCs	Parallel plate bioreactor system 1.5 × 10-5, 5 × 10-5, and 1.5 × 10-4 N/cm2 4 d	Flk1, PECAM1, and CD41	-	Flk1	Wolfe and Ahsan[47], 2013
Mouse ESCs and Sac-1+ cells	Parallel plate flow chamber 1.2 × 10-4 N/cm2 1 d	PECAM1, CD133, VE-cadherin, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, eNOS	Matrigel tube formation assay	Flk-1-PI3K-Akt-HDAC3-p53-p21 pathway	Zeng et al[48], 2006
Mouse Flk-1+ cells	Parallel plate-type device 1.5 × 10-5 to 1 × 10-4 N/cm2 1, 2, 3 d	Flk1, Flt1, VE-cadherin, and PECAM1	Tube formation assay in collagen gel	Ligand-independent activation of Flk-1	Yamamoto et al[49], 2005
Murine ESCs–derived Flk-1+ cells	Shear stress-loading device 1 × 10-4 N/cm2 24 h	EphrinB2	-	VEGFR-Notch signaling	Noguera-Troise et al[50], 2006
Mouse CD41+c-Kit+ cells	Dynamic flow system 5 × 10-5 N/cm2 2 d	PECAM1, Runx1, Myb, and Klf2	In vivo assay	NO	Adamo et al[51], 2009
Mouse Flk1+ cells	Pulsatile flow culturing circuit. Pulsatile wall shear stress from 0.98 to 2.2 × 10-5 N/cm2 and a circumferential strain stress 0/46-0/96 N/cm2 2 d	PECAM1 and SMA	-	-	Huang et al[52], 2005
Mouse ESCs	Multiplex microfluidic array 1.6 × 10-7-1.6 × 10-4 N/cm2 3 d	Fgf5	-	HSPGs	Toh and Voldman[54], 2011
Mouse ESCs	Microfluidic culture device 1-10 mL/min 6 d	PECAM1	-	-	Lee et al[55], 2011

eNOS: Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase; ESC: Embryonic stem cells; Flk-1: Fetal liver kinase-1; Flt-1: Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; HDAC3: Histone deacetylase 3; HSPGs: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans; MEF2C: Myocyte enhancer factor-2C; NO: Nitric oxide; PECAM1: Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; SMA: Smooth muscles actin; VE-cadherin: Vascular endothelial-cadherin; VEGFR1: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1; VEGFR2: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; vWF: Von Willebrand factor.