Effects of shear stress on differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells

Table 1 Studies on shear stress regulating mesenchymal stem cell to endothelial differentiation

Cell source	Condition of shear stress	Markers expressed	Function tested	Ref.
Murine embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cells	Parallel plate system 1.5 × 10-4 N/cm2 6, 12 h	CD31, vWF, and VE-cadherin	Matrigel tube formation assay, ac-LDL uptake	Wang et al[11], 2005
Canine bone marrow-derived MSCs	Pulsatile bioreactor shear stress from 1 × 10-5 to 1.5 × 10-4 N/cm2 over the course of 2 d with an additional 2 d at 1.5 × 10-4 N/cm2 of shear stress	PECAM1, VE-cadherin, and CD34	-	Dong et al[12], 2009
Human MSCs	Parallel flow chamber system 2 × 10-5 or 2 × 10-4 N/cm2 1 d, 2 d	vWF, VE-cadherin, and CD31	-	Yuan et al[13], 2013
Human MSCs	Flow-engaging system 2.5 × 10-5, 1 × 10-4 N/cm2 1 d	CD31, vWF, and VEGFR2	-	Kim et al[14], 2011
Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs	Parallel flow chamber system 1 × 10-4, 1.5 × 10-4, 2 × 10-4, 2.5 × 10-4 N/cm2 12, 24, 48 h	CD31, VEGFR-2 and t-PA	-	Bai et al[15], 2010
Sheep bone marrow-derived MSCs	Cyclic flexure and laminar flow bioreactor. Average fluid shear stress of 1.1505 × 10-5 N/cm2 1, 3 w	CD31 and vWF	-	Engelmayr et al[16], 2006
Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs	Unique experimental protocol 2 × 10-4 N/cm2 laminar shear stress and 120/80 mmHg cyclic pressure at 1 Hz 5 d	CD133, vWF, E-selectin, and PECAM1	-	Maul et al[17], 2011
Human MSCs	Bioreactor system 2.5 × 10-5 N/cm2 stress followed by 3% circumferential stretch for 3 d, and an additional 5% circumferential stretch for 4 d	Flk-1, vWF, E-selectin, and VE-cadherin	-	Kim et al[18], 2016
Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs	Orbital shaker 2 × 10-5, 5 × 10-5, 1 × 10-4 N/cm2 6, 12, 24 h	CD34, Cadherin5, and vWF	Matrigel tube formation assay	Homayouni Moghadam et al[19], 2014
Human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs)	cultured with or without VEGF (50 ng/mL) for 12 h 6 × 10-5, 1.2 × 10-4 N/cm2 4, 8 and 12 h	VEGF, VEGFR2, DLL4, Notch1, EphrinB2, Hey1 and Hey2	In vitro Matrigel angiogenesis assay	Wang et al[20], 2018
Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs	under normoxia or hypoxia 1.2 × 10-4 N/cm2 24 h	CXCR4, phosphorylated Akt and VEGFA	-	Liu et al[21], 2017
Human ASCs	Custom-made bioreactor capable of applying both shear and tensile stresses 0-2.5 × 10-5 N/cm2 1, 2, and 7 d	Flk-1, vWF, and VE-cadherin	-	Bassaneze et al[22], 2010
Human ASCs	Parallel plate type flow chamber 1.8 × 10-4 N/cm2 5 d	PECAM1 and VE-cadherin	Tube structure formation in 3D matrices	Shojaei et al[23], 2013
Human ASCs	Orbital shaker 1.2 × 10-4 N/cm2 8 d	CD31	In vivo evaluation of the thrombogenicity, ac-LDL uptake	Fontijn et al[24], 2014
Human ASCs	Orbital shaker 1.2 × 10-4 N/cm2 7, 14 d	vWF, eNOS, Flt-1, CD31, Flk-1 and VE-cadherin	-	Fischer et al[25], 2009
Human ASCs	Perfusion bioreactor 4.5 × 10-5 N/cm2 1 d	vWF, Flk-1 and VE-cadherin	-	Hasanzadeh et al[27], 2017
Human amniotic fluid-derived MSCs	Orbital shaker 1.2 × 10-4 N/cm2 2 d	CD31 and vWF	Matrigel tube formation assay, ac-LDL uptake	Zhang et al[28], 2009
Human Placenta-derived MSCs	Parallel flow chamber system 6 × 10-5, 1.2 × 10-4 N/cm2 3, 6, 12, 24 h	Flt-1 and Flk-1	Matrigel tube formation assay, ac-LDL uptake	Wu et al[29], 2008

ac-LDL: Acetylated-low density lipoprotein LDL; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; eNOS: Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase; Flk-1: Fetal liver kinase-1; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; NO: Nitric oxide; PECAM1: Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; PECAM1: Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; t-PA: Tissue-type plasminogen activator; VE-cadherin: Vascular endothelial-cadherin; VEGFR2: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; vWF: Von Willebrand factor.