Stem cell therapy: A paradigm shift in breast cancer treatment

Table 2 Clinical trials targeting stemness pathways

Drug	Action	Clinical trial phase	NCT number
Glasdegib	Notch pathway inhibitor	Phase I	NCT02027376
LGK-974	Inhibitor of the endogenous Wnt palmitoleoylase	Phase I	NCT01351103
Sonidegib	Smo inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway	Phase I/II	NCT02027376
Gedatolisib	Targets the PI3K/mTOR pathway in TNBC or advanced breast cancers	Phase I/II	NCT03911973
Bevacizumab	Targets VEGF signaling	Phase I/II	NCT01190345
Ribociclib	CDK4/6 inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer	Phase II	NCT02738866
Anti-PTK7 antibody-drug conjugate	Targets PTK7 in BCSCs	Phase I/II	NCT03243331
MEDI4736	Antibody against PD-L1	Phase II	NCT02685059
Abemaciclib	CDK4/6 inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer	Phase II	NCT03703466
Bivatuzumab	Targeting stem cell surface marker CD44v6	Phase 1	NCT02254005

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; PTK7: Protein tyrosine kinase 7; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; TNBC: Triple-negative breast cancer; PD-L1: Programmed cell death-ligand 1; BCSCs: Breast cancer stem cells; CDK: Cyclin dependent kinase.