Review of the potential of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of infectious diseases

Table 1 Genetic modifications to enhance mesenchymal stem cells potential for treatment of infectious diseases and associated tissue injury

Overexpressed genes	Source of MSCs	Disease model	Experimental Outcome	Ref.
sST2, Ang1, HO1	Human AD-MSCs, Mice BM-MSCs	LPS-induced ALI mouse model	Improved preservation of lung architecture and reduced inflammation	Xu et al[77], Martínez-González et al[156], Mei et al[159], Chen et al[160], and Chen et al[220]
TGF-β1	Mice BM-MSCs	LPS-induced ARDS mice	Increased Treg, induced occludin expression and reduced vascular permeability	Chen et al[160]
IL-10	Human UC-MSCs	E. coli-induced pneumosepsis mouse model	Reduced bacterial load by increasing phagocytosis in macrophages	Jerkic et al[75]
Del-1, FGF2	Mice BM-MSCs	LPS-induced ALI mouse model	Reduction in inflammation and lung injury	Zhao et al[161], Zhao et al[161,162]
HGF	Mice BM-MSCs	In vitro LPS treatment of pulmonary endothelial cells	Upregulated occludin and reduced permeability	Meng et al[163]
β-catenin, ROR2, p130/E2F4	Mice BM-MSCs	LPS-induced ARDS mouse model	Higher retention in lungs and increased differentiation into AT II cells	Cai et al [114], Cai et al[121], Zhang et al[114,121,164]
ACE2	Mice BM-MSCs	LPS-induced ALI mouse model	Reduced permeability and lung Ang-II levels	He et al[166]
CXCR4, EP2 CXCR2	Mice BM-MSCs	ALI/ARDS mouse model	Increased homing to the site of injury	Yang et al [169], Han et al[170], Shen et al[169-171]

ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; AD-MSCs: Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ALI: Acute lung injury; Ang1: Angiopoietin-1; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; AT II: Alveolar epithelial cell type II; BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; CXCR: (C-X-C motif) chemokine receptor; Del-1: Developmental endothelial locus-1; E2F4: E2F Transcription Factor 4; EP2: E-prostanoid receptor 2; FGF-2: Fibroblast growth factor 2; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; HO1: Heme oxygenase-1; IL-10: Interleukin 10; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; p130: Retinoblastoma-related protein 2; ROR2: Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2; sST2: Soluble IL-1 receptor-like 1; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; Treg: Regulatory T cell.