Recent trends in stem cell-based therapies and applications of artificial intelligence in regenerative medicine

Table 2 Status of mesenchymal cell-based therapies for different diseases

Disease category	Target disease	Clinical trial phase	Cell source	Company	Product name	ID No.	Status
GvHD	GvHD	Phase III	Mesenchymal stem cells (allogenic bone marrow derived)	Osiris Therapeutics	Prochymal	NCT00366145	Approved via Notice of Compliance with conditions (NOC/c)[32]
	Pediatric (GvHD, Grade III and IV)	Phase III	Mesenchymal stem cells (allogenic bone marrow derived)	Mesoblast	Remestemcel-L (Ryoncil™)	NCT02336230	Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) set by US FDA action and Remestemcel-L will be commercially available in the United States (if approved)[124,139-141]
Crohn’s disease		Phase III	Autologous AT-MSC	Cellerix	-	NCT00475410	Completed in 2009 but failed
		Phase III	Allogenic, AT-MSC	TiGenix	Alofisel®	NCT01541579	Approved in 2018, by the European Medicines Agency[142, 143]
Cardiovascular diseases	Chronic advanced ischemic heart failure	Phase III	Autologous BM-MSC	-	-	NCT01768702	Beneficial but not approved yet, further studies need to be undertaken[144-146]
Autoimmune diseases	Systemic lupus erythematosus	Phase I/II	Allogenic BM-MSC, UC-MSC	-	-	NCT01741857, NCT00698191	Ongoing[147,148]
	Type I diabetes	Phase I/II	Allogenic, UC-MSC combined with aulogous BM-MSC	-	-	NCT01374854	Ongoing[149]
Neurodegenerative diseases	Parkinson’s disease	Phase I/II	Allogenic BM-MSC	-	-	NCT02611167	Completed but more interventional studies underway[150]
	Alzheimer’s disease	Phase I	Allogenic UC MSC, Longeveron MSC, BM MSC	-	-	NCT04040348, NCT02600130, NCT02600130	Ongoing[151]
SARS-CoV-2	COVID-19	Phase II/III	BM-MSC, AT-MSC, Placenta derived MSC	Mesoblast, Athersys; Tigenix/Takeda; Pluristem	MultiStem; SPECELL		Ongoing[136,152]

AT-MSC: Adipose-tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells; BM-MSC: Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells; COVID19: Coronavirus-induced disease 2019; SARSCoV-2: Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus-2; UC-MSC: Umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells.