Application of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine

Figure 1 Signaling pathways of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells in improving various diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-MSCs) improve diseases or prevent against injury through immunosuppression or paracrine effects. hPSC-MSCs secrete a variety of soluble paracrine factors to exert their therapeutic effects on immunosuppression, proliferation, differentiation, anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, etc. PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; NGF: Nerve growth factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IGFBP1: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor; IL6: Interleukin 6; Bax: BCL2-associated X; SIRT6: Sirtuin 6; IL10: Interleukin 6; TSG6: TNFα-stimulated gene-6; IFNγ: Interferon γ; ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2.