Regulating the fate of stem cells for regenerating the intervertebral disc degeneration

Table 3 Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells compared with other stem cells sources

Properties	Perinatal	Adult	Embryonic
Ability to differentiate into various cell type	√	√	√
Plastic adherence	√	√
High in vitro proliferation ability	√		√
Low risk of tumorigenicity	√	√
Ethical issues			√
Lower risk of viral contamination	√		√
Capacity for autologous transplantation	√	√
Established/proven treatment in human patients	√	√
Ease of collection	√	√
Less need for stringent antigen typing	√	√