Dental mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in different microenvironments— implications in regenerative therapy

Table 2 Effects of inflammatory microenvironment on regenerative potential of human dental mesenchymal stem cells

Inflammation level	Outcome	Ref.
DPSCs
Irreversible pulpitis	No change in proliferation; no change in differentiation; not being able to supress CD3 proliferation; IDO activity↓	Inostroza et al[97], 2020
Decayed and pain affected tissue	No change in immunophenotype; proliferation↓; Ca deposition↑, OCN and RunX2 protein expression↑; MAP2 and NeuN protein expression↓; IL-6 expression and IL-6- induced osteogenesis↑	Park et al[98], 2019
Irreversible pulpitis	Population doubling time↓; STRO‑1, CD90, CD105 and CD146 levels↑; Ca deposition↓; OCN and RUNX2 mRNA expression↓; LPL and PPARγ2 mRNA expression↓; in vivo: Retaining their stem cell potency	Alongi et al[99], 2010
Severe periodontal disease	Proliferation↑; Stro-1+, CD146, SSEA-4 levels↑; Ca deposition↑, OCN, RUNX2 and mRNA expression↑ (also upon stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α)	Tomasello et al[101], 2017
GMSCs
Severe periodontal disease	Proliferation↑; Stro-1+, CD146, SSEA-4 levels↑; Ca deposition↑, OCN, RUNX2 and mRNA expression↑ (also upon stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α)	Tomasello et al[101], 2017
Dental plaque-induced gingival hyperplasia	Proliferation↑; Runx2 and OCN mRNA expression↓; ALP activity↓; PPARγ mRNA expression↓	Li et al[102], 2013
PDLSCs
Chronic peridontitis	No change in Runx2, OCN and ALP mRNA expression; no change in PPARγ and aP2 mRNA expression; no change in proliferation; in vivo: Smaller newly formed cementum	Park et al[105], 2011
Chronic periodontitis	Proliferation↑; migration↑; Ca deposition↓, Runx2, ALP and OCN mRNA expression↓; no change in lipid droplets level and PPARγ mRNA expression	Tang et al[106], 2016
Periodontitis with alveolar bone loss	Proliferation↑; RUNX2 mRNA expression↓; PPARγ mRNA expression↓	Liu et al[107], 2011
Chronic periodontitis	viability and proliferation↓	Soheilifar et al[108], 2016

↑ and ↓ represent increasing or decreasing effect, respectively. ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; aP2: Adipocyte protein 2; DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; GMSCs: Gingival mesenchymal stem cells; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; NeuN: Neuronal nuclei; OCN: Osteocalcin; PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells; PPAR𝛾2: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; RunX2: Runt-related transcription factor 2.