SOX transcription factors and glioma stem cells: Choosing between stemness and differentiation

Figure 4 Signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of glioma stem cell properties. The main signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of glioma stem cell properties include Hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, NOTCH, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase/AKT/Mammalian target of rapamycin, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, Inhibitory kappa B kinase/Nuclear factor-kappa B, Transforming growth factor-beta/Small mothers against decapentaplegic and Janus kinase/Signal transducers and activators of transcription. References are included in the main text. MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; JAK/STAT: Janus kinase/Signal transducers and activators of transcription; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; PI3K/AKT/mTOR: Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase/AKT/Mammalian target of rapamycin; IKK/NF-κB: Inhibitory kappa B kinase/Nuclear factor-kappa B; TGF-β/SMAD: Transforming growth factor-beta/Small mothers against decapentaplegic; GSCs: Glioma stem cells.