Considerations for the clinical use of stem cells in genitourinary regenerative medicine

Table 4 Preclinical studies for treatment of urogenital related diseases using dedifferentiated fat cells

Year	Disease/injury	Animal model	Type of therapy (cell type/injection site)	Cell concentration	Outcomes	Ref.
2016	VUR	SD rats 8 week-old females weighing 200 g, n = 10	Injection of undifferentiated rat DFAT cells/bilateral vesicoureteral junction	1 × 106 cells in 30 μL of saline	Significant amelioration of VUR in treated rats/nephroprotective effects in rats	Ikado et al[178], 2016
2015	Immunologically induced glomerulonephritis and adriamycin induced nephropathy	Wistar rats, males weighing 250 g, n = 64	Injection of undifferentiated rat DFAT cells/RA or TV	1 × 106 cells in 20 μL of saline	TV DFAT cell injection showed lower proteinuria and renal degeneration than direct cell implantation/DFAT immunosuppressive effects significantly reduced glomerulonephritis in treated rats	Maruyama et al[177], 2015
2011	Urethral sphincter injury by VD	SD rats 8 week-old females, n = 16	Injection of undifferentiated rat DFAT cells/paraurethral connective tissue at mid-urethra	1 × 106 cells in 20 μL of saline	Sphincter muscle regeneration by DFAT cell therapy/improvement of “lowered leak point”	Obinata et al[176], 2011
2009	Cryo-injured bladder wall (2 mm diameter)	C57BL/6 mice 8-9 week-old males, n = 10	Injection of smooth muscle-like cells differentiated from human DFAT cells/bladder wall	1 × 106 cells in 20 μL of Hanks’ balanced solution	DFAT differentiation potential into smooth muscle-like cells/approximately 2-fold higher αSMA expressing cells in scar tissue 30 d post-injection in treated mice	Sakuma et al[175], 2009

αSMA: alpha smooth muscle actin; DFAT: Dedifferentiated fat; RA: Renal artery; SD: Sprague-Dawley; TV: Tail vein; VD: Vaginal distension; VUR: Vesicoureteral reflux.