Vascularization and osteogenesis in ectopically implanted bone tissue-engineered constructs with endothelial and osteogenic differentiated adipose-derived stem cells

Figure 8 Immunoexpression of osteocalcin in representative sections of ectopic osteogenic implants. A: Two-week-old BC [implants containing only bone mineral matrix (BMM) carrier]; B: Two-week-old BPUI (implants containing uninduced adipose-derived stem cells, platelet-rich plasma and BMM carrier]; C: Two-week-old BPEO (implants containing simultaneously applied endothelial and osteogenic differentiated adipose-derived stem cells, platelet-rich plasma and BMM carrier); D: Eight-week-old BC implants; E: Eight-week-old BPUI implants; F: Eight-week-old BPEO implants; G: Osteocalcin immunohistochemistry optical density score in implants extracted two (2w) and eight (8w) weeks after implantation (observation points). All images acquired at bright field. Scale bar shows 20 μm. Immunoreactivity is visualized as brown color and represents immunoexpression of the applied antibody; osteocalcin-positive fields (orange ellipse). ^aP < 0.01; BC 2w vs BPUI2w. ^bP < 0.001; BC 8w vs BPUI 8w. ^cP < 0.001; BC 8w vs BPEO 8w. ^dP < 0.05; BPUI 2w vs BPEO 2w. ^eP < 0.001; BPUI 8w vs BPEO 8w. ^fP < 0.01; BC 2w vs BC8w. ^gP < 0.001; BPUI 2w vs BPUI 8w. BC: Implants containing only bone mineral matrix carrier; BPUI: Implants containing uninduced adipose-derived stem cells, platelet-rich plasma and bone mineral matrix carrier; BPEO: Implants containing simultaneously applied endothelial and osteogenic differentiated adipose-derived stem cells, platelet-rich plasma and bone mineral matrix carrier; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; OD: Optical density.