Proliferation and tenogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a porous collagen sponge scaffold

Figure 5 Effect of transforming growth factor β1 (10 ng/mL), insulin-like growth factor 1 (10 ng/mL), growth differentiation factor 7 (100 ng/mL), or transforming growth factor β1 combined with insulin-like growth factor 1 (both at 10 ng/mL) on the viability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the 2D and 3D cultures. The viability of all the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was evaluated by CCK-8 assay after growth factor stimulation for 3 or 12 d. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD; n = 3. ^aP < 0.05 and ^bP < 0.01 compared with the control (non-treated). TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor β1; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; GDF-7: Growth differentiation factor 7.