Assessment of tobacco heating system 2.4 on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and primary human osteoblasts compared to conventional cigarettes

Figure 4 Tobacco heating systems has a lower impact on bone cells function than conventional cigarettes. SCP-1 cells and primary human osteoblasts were osteogenically differentiated with increasing concentrations of aqueous extract (AE) from conventional cigarettes and tobacco heating systems (THS) for 21 d. Cell function was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity (early differentiation marker) (A, C) after 14 d. Calcium deposition (late marker of differentiation) was evaluated by Alizarin red staining (B, D) after 21 d (B, D). Each measurement was conducted at least three independent times in triplicates. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test. Data are represented as mean ± SE, and P values are classified as ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 for comparisons with untreated cells within the same AE type and ^fP < 0.01, ^gP < 0.001 for comparisons conventional cigarette with THS within the same concentration. AE: Aqueous extract.