Assessment of tobacco heating system 2.4 on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and primary human osteoblasts compared to conventional cigarettes

Figure 2 High concentrations of aqueous extract from tobacco heating systems has minor effects on bone cells viability after a single exposure than aqueous extract from conventional cigarettes. SCP-1 cells and primary human osteoblasts were treated with increasing concentrations of aqueous extract (AE) from conventional cigarettes and tobacco heating systems. Cell viability was evaluated by resazurin conversion (mitochondrial activity) in SCP-1 cells (A) and primary osteoblast (B) after 48 h of treatment; C: Representative live staining pictures from SCP-1 cells using calcein-AM (green) and nuclear staining using Hoechst 33342 (blue) was shown after 48 h of exposure to AE (scale bar 400 µm). Each measure was conducted at least three independent times in triplicates. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc tests. Data are presented as mean ± SE, and P values indicated as ^bP < 0.01 and ^dP < 0.001 for comparisons with untreated cells within the same AE type. AE: Aqueous extract.