Mesenchymal stromal cells as potential immunomodulatory players in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection

Figure 1 Immunomodulatory properties of activated MSCs against overactivated immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. MSCs efficiently suppress the immune responses through the secretion of soluble molecules or cell-cell contact interactions. MSCs have a broad effect on the immune responses exerted by macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T and B cells. SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; MSCs: Mesenchymal stromal cells; NK cells: Natural killer cells; NO: Nitric oxide; IDO: Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; EVs: Extracellular vesicles.