Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Toward cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine

Table 1 Characteristics of different types of extracellular vesicles

Feature	Exosomes	Microvesicles	Apoptotic bodies
Diameter and shape	30-100 nm, cup shape	100-1000 nm, irregular shape	1-5 μm, heterogeneous shape
Sucrose gradient	1.13-1.19 g/mL	1.04-1.07 g/mL	1.18-1.28 g/mL
Sedimentation	100000 g	10000 g	16000 g
Protein markers	CD63, CD81, CD9, Alix, Tsg101, annexins, heat-shock proteins	Integrins, selectins, CD40, flotillins, CD40, ARF6, VCAMP3	TSP, C3b, histones
Origin	Fusion of multivesicular bodies with cell membrane	Outward budding of cell membrane	Outward budding of apoptotic cell membrane
Lipid content	Ceramide	Phosphatidylserine	Phosphatidylserine
Nucleic acids	DNA, mRNA, miRNA, non-coding RNA	DNA, mRNA, miRNA, non-coding RNA	Fragmented DNA, mRNA, miRNA, non-coding RNA