Approaches to promoting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis on orthopedic implant surface

Table 2 Surface topography to regulate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell behavior

Method	Treatment process	Cell response	Ref.
Chemical treatments	Commercial pure Ti was immersed into KOH solutions.	The differentiation levels of ALP and OCN were significantly increased.	Cai et al[38]
	The Ti disks were immersed into solutions of polyphosphoric acid.	Significantly higher cell attachment and proliferation were also found on Ti treated with polyphosphoric acid.	Maekawa et al[40]
	Surfaces submitted to polishing plus etching with 0.8% HF, 13% HNO3 solution.	Rough surfaces submitted to acid-etching favor undifferentiated BMSCs into osteogenic lineage cells.	Silva et al[42]
	The Ti disks were pickled in oxalic acid solution and NaOH, respectively.	Although BMSC adhesion and osteogenesis were promoted, proliferation was significantly inhibited on treated surfaces.	Li et al[47]
	The titanium was treated with H2O2.	H2O2-treated surfaces were beneficial for promoting BMSC attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation.	Daw et al[52]
	The anodic oxidation was carried out to prepare nanotube on titanium surface.	NT30 supported adhesion, stretching, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.	Xu et al[24]
Electrochemical anodization	Nanonets on titanium surfaces were prepared.	BMSC cultured on nanonets structured Ti surfaces present a high frequency of alignment.	Grimalt et al[53]
	The Ti disks were micro-arc oxidized in an electrolyte solution.	The MAO-coating significantly promoted adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by mediating the integrin β1 signaling pathway.	Li et al[57]
	O-PIII treatment was performed in a high-vacuum chamber with a radio frequency plasma source.	O-PIII treatment could enhance the adhesion of BMSCs.	Yang et al[59]
Plasma ion implantation and deposition	O-PIII treatment was performed in a high-vacuum chamber with a radio frequency plasma source.	The group treated with the highest concentration of oxygen ions has the best effect on adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of BMSCs.	Yang et al[60]
	The Ti-based alloy was modified by electropolishing and plasma electrolytic oxidation process.	The calcium-ion-implanted titanium remarkably improved BMSC adhesion and proliferation compared to the untreated sample.	Michalska et al[61]
	Highly ionized Ca and Mg plasmas were generated from a filtered vacuum arc source and accelerated within the electric field between a sheath and the substrates.	Initial cell attachment on a titanium surface can be improved by Ca and Mg ion implantation. In addition, the expression of osteogenic-related genes like RUNX2 and type I collagen was higher in the Mg ion-implanted surface.	Won et al[62]
	The Ti discs were polished with abrasive grit (grades 240–600), and then treated with laser radiation at various fluences (132, 210, or 235 J/cm2).	Laser-modified titanium surfaces could enhance upregulation of expression of the osteogenic markers and enhance alkaline phosphatase activity of BMSCs.	Bressel et al[66]
Laser beam treatment	DMLS discs were fabricated in an argon atmosphere with Yb fibre laser system.	Topographical cues of DMLS surfaces could enhance BMSC adhesion, as well as osteogenesis.	Zheng et al[67]
	The laser system was a Ti: Sa laser chain, which delivers 120 fs, 800 nm pulses at a repetition rate of 5 kHz.	BMSCs exhibited a more elongated, spindle-like morphology and higher spreading speeds on FS laser-modified surfaces.	Dumas et al[68]

Ti: Titanium; KOH: Potassium hydroxide; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; OCN: Osteocalcin; HF: Hydrofluoric acid; HNO₃: Nitric acid; BMSC: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell; NaOH: Sodium hydroxide; H₂O₂: Hydrogen peroxide; MAO: Micro-arc oxidation; O-PIII: Oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation; Ca: Calcium; Mg: Magnesium; RUNX₂: Runt-related transcription factor 2; DMLS: Direct metal laser sintering: Yb: Ytterbium; FS: Femtosecond.