Approaches to promoting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis on orthopedic implant surface

Table 1 Biofunctionlization of orthopaedic implant with bioactive ceramic to regulate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell behavior

Method	Preparation of bioactive ceramic	Cell response	Ref.
Plasma spraying	TiO2-HA nanocomposite powders were thermally sprayed via the HVOF (high-velocity oxy-fuel) technique.	HBMSCs have stronger initial adhesion and favor osteogenic differentiation.	Dimitrievska et al[26]
	Ta-incorporated HA coatings were fabricated using the plasma spray technique on a titanium substrate.	Ta-incorporated HA coating could promote initial adhesion, faster proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.	Lu et al[28]
	An atmosphere plasma spray system was applied to spray the synthesized 40-80 μm powders onto the treated substrates.	The attachment and proliferation of BMSCs were more significantly on akermanite coatings than on HA coatings.	Yi et al[31]
Sol-gel method	Ti disks were etched with the mixed solution of HF and H2SO4. Next, EtOH solutions containing tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) were spin-coated onto samples.	The micro/nano-level structure of large particles (80 nm) significantly promoted MSC proliferation and differentiation.	Shen et al[23]
	Pre-hydrolyzed silica solution was added to a solution containing the pores structure-directing agents dissolved in ethanol.	The silica coatings accelerate the adhesive response of early BMSCs and promote BMSC osteogenic differentiation.	Inzunza et al[34]

HVOF: High-velocity oxy-fuel; HBMSCs: Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; HA: Hydroxyapatite; BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; HF: Hydrofluoric acid; H₂SO₄: Sulfuric acid; TBT: Tetrabutyl titanate; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.