Strategies for treating oesophageal diseases with stem cells

Table 1 Related stem cell transplantation experiments

Stem cells sources	Transplant recipients	Transplant methods	Results	Ref.
Bone marrow cells from male human donors	Four female human recipients	Bone marrow transplantation	Regeneration of gastrointestinal epithelia	[22]
High K19-expressing MSCs from bone marrow of mice	Mice, H. felis infected mice	Gastric wall injection, blastocyst injection	Contributed to gastric epithelial regeneration and repair.	[23]
MSCs from bone marrow of male rats	Female rats with gastric ulcers	Gastric wall injection surrounding the ulcer	Acceleration of gastric ulcer healing	[24]
MSC sheets from inguinal fat tissue of rabbits	Rabbits with oral mucosal ulcers	MSC sheets transplanted onto mucosal ulceration	Full-thickness mucosal healing and complete basal cell coverage	[26]
Bone marrow cells from mice	Mice with radiation-induced oesophageal injury	Intravenous injection	Repopulation of the irradiated oesophageal squamous epithelium	[32]
DPSCs from rats	Rats with acute radiation-induced oesophageal injury	Intravenous injection (tail vein)	Healing of tissue damage and improvement the oesophageal function	[34]
MSCs from bone marrow of rats	Rats with oesophageal lye burn	Intravenous injection (tail vein)	Differentiation to epithelial and muscle cells	[37]
Double-layered ADSC sheets from the abdominal subcutaneous fat of pigs	Pigs treated with hemi-circumferential ESD	ADSC sheets placed on the wound site with endoscope	Reduced degree of oesophageal stricture and fibrosis development	[47]
CM of AMSCs from the foetal membrane of pregnant women	Pig treated with semi-circumferential ESD	CM gel applied on the wound site with endoscope	Reduced oesophageal fibrosis and inflammation	[48]
MSCs from bone marrow of pigs	Pigs for circumferential replacement of oesophagus	MSC-seeded matrix for circumferential Replacement of oesophagus	Acceleration of epithelial and muscle cell regeneration	[56]
MSCs from bone marrow of rats	Rats for circumferential replacement of oesophagus	MSC-seeded decellularized oesophagus for orthotopic replacement	Regeneration of functional epithelium, muscle fibres, nerves and vasculature	[57]
MSCs from adipose tissue of pigs	Pigs for full thickness circumferential resection of oesophagus	MSC-seeded synthetic grafts implanted into oesophagus	Regrowth of mucosa, submucosa, and smooth muscle layers and blood vessels	[59]
MSCs from bone marrow of human donors	Rats for interposition procedure between the oesophagus and stomach	MSCs and other cells constructing multicellular artificial oesophagus with bio-3D printing transplanted into oesophagus and stomach	Full coverage of inner luminal surface by epithelial cells	[60]
MSCs from bone marrow of human donors, then MSCs transduced with IFN-β gene	Rats inoculated with melanoma cells and MSCs	Intravenous injection (tail vein)	Proliferation of MSCs in tumours and inhibition of malignant cell growth	[66]
MSCs transduced with IFN-α gene	Mice inoculated with melanoma cells	Intramuscular injection	Decrease in tumour cell proliferation and induction of tumour cell apoptosis	[67]
MSCs from bone marrow of human donors, then MSCs transduced with IFN-λ gene	Mice injected with H460 cancer cells	Subcutaneous injection	Induction of tissue necrosis and inhibition of tumour cell growth in lung metastases	[70]
MSCs from bone marrow of human donors, then MSCs modified with TRAIL gene	Mice injected with Eca-109 cancer cells	Directly injection into tumour	Induction of Eca-109 oesophageal cancer cell apoptosis	[72]
MSCs from bone marrow of rats, then MSCs transfected with TRAIL gene	Mice injected with B16F10 cancer cells	Intravenous injection (tail vein)	Reduction of lung metastases and induction of tumour cell apoptosis	[62]
MSCs from adipose tissue of human donors, then MSCs transfected with TRAIL gene	Mice injected with HeLa cells	Flank injection, tumour injection	Inhibition of tumour cell growth	[73]

ADSC: Adipose-derived stromal cell; AMSCs: Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells; CM: Conditional medium; DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; ESD: Oesophagic submucosal division; H. felis: Helicobacter felis; IFN: Interferon; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; TRAIL: Tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand.