Stem cell homing, tracking and therapeutic efficiency evaluation for stroke treatment using nanoparticles: A systematic review

Table 7 Magnetic resonance imaging features for stem cell homing evaluation

Ref.	Equipment system	Analysis software	MF (Tesla)	Sequence	Weighted images (TR/TE; ms)	FOV; MT; ST (mm)	Homing evaluation time
Lim et al[33]	PC - Agilent Technologies	ImageJ (NIH)	9.4	T2	T2: 4000/32.5	NA; NA; 1.0	1, 3, 7, 10, 14 d
Wang et al[29]	PC - PharmaScan - Bruker	ImageJ (NIH)	7.0	TSE FLASH GRE	T2: 3000/NA	20 × 20; 256 × 256; 1.0	1, 3, 7 d
		ParaVision (Bruker)			T2*: 159.4/5	55 × 55; 256 × 256; 1.0
Yun et al[30]	Philips Medical Systems; an animal coil	NA	3.0	FSE	T2: 4000/80	50; 256 × 256; 0.5	1 d, 3 w
Argibay et al[38]	PC - Bio Spec - Bruker; surface coil array	ImageJ (NIH)	9.4	MGE	T2*: 2.9/1.5	19.2 × 19.2; 192 × 192; 1.0	4 h
Duan et al[37]	Achieva - Philips Medical Systems; 4-channel rat coil	ImageJ (NIH)	3.0	FSE	T2: 800/60	60; 256 × 256; 1.0	1-4, 6-8 wk
				FFE	T2*: 500/18
Lu et al[35]	Achieva - Philips Medical Systems; 4-channel rat coil	NA	3.0	FSE	T2: 200/31	60 × 60; 267 × 268; 1.0	1, 3, 7, 14 d
				FFE	T2*: 500/18
Zhang et al[34]	Achieva - Philips Medical Systems	ImageJ (NIH)	3.0	FSE	T2: 800/60	60 × 60; 256 × 256; 1.0	1-6 wk
				PDW	PDW: 3000/20
				FFE	T2*: 500/18
Lin et al[36]	Intera - Philips Medical Systems	ImageJ (NIH)	3.0	Multi SE	T2: 2000/20-80	80 × 80; 160 × 266; 2.0	1-6 wk
Zhang et al[39]	PC - PharmaScan - Bruker	ImageJ (NIH)	7.0	Turbo RARE	T2: 6000/ 60	30; 256 × 256; 0.5	2 d, 8 d
				FLASH GRE	T2*: 400/3.5
Duan et al[40]	Achieva - Philips Medical Systems	ImageJ (NIH)	3.0	FSE	T2: 800/60	60; 256 × 256; 1.0	1, 2, 3, 4, 6 wk
				PDW	PDW: 3000/20
				FFE	T2*: 500/18
Bai et al[42]	PC - PharmaScan - Bruker	ImageJ (NIH)	7.0	SE	T1: 500/15	20 × 20; 256 × 256; 1.0	1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 d
				FSE	T2: 2000/50
Chen et al[28]	PC - Bio Spec - Bruker	ImageJ (NIH)	7.0	RARE SE	T2: 3000/50	25.6; 256 × 256; 0.7	3 d, 7 d, 14 d
Tan et al[41]	PC - Unity INOVA, Varian	NR	7.0	SE	T2: 2500/60	30 × 30; 512 × 512; NR	1-42 d
Janowski et al[44]	Sonata Maestro Class - Siemens; 8-channel head coil	Osirix (Pixmeo) Amira (Visage Imaging)	1.5	SWI	T2*: 49/40	230; 168 × 256; 1.6	1 d, 1 wk, 1 mo, 2 mo, 4 mo
Park et al[43]	Achieva - Philips Medical Systems; animal coil	NA	3.0	SE	T2: 11000/125	NA; 284 × 286; 0.7	0 h, 2 d
Zhang et al[45]	Sigma - GE Healthcare; a human head coil	NA	3.0	FSE	T2: 5840/104	45 × 45; 256 × 256; 1.5-2.0	1 d, 3 d
				Map MSME SE	T2: 3500/20-160
Tarulli et al[46]	Sigma - GE Healthcare	NA	3.0	FSE	T2: 4500/35-75	40 × 40 × 17; 256 × 256; 1.0	1 d, 7 d, 14 d
				3D-SPGR	T2*: 25/7	40 × 40 × 20; 256 × 256; 1.0
Liu et al[47]	Sigma - GE Healthcare; a rat coil		3.0	T2*	T2*: 2560/6.8	6.0; NR; 1.6	1, 7, 21 d
Wang et al[48]	Sigma - GE Healthcare	NA	3.0	FSE	T2: 5840/104	45 × 45; 256 × 256; 1.5	1, 7, 30 d
Lee et al[50]	Sigma - GE Healthcare; a clinical coil	NA	1.5	TSE	T2: 2000/81	90; 192 × 192; 1.5	0, 1, 5, 12 d
				GRE	280/20	20; 160 × 160; 1.5
Song et al[49]	Sigma - GE Healthcare	NA	1.5	T2	T2: 3500/80	60 × 60; 256 × 160; 2.0	1d, 3d, 1-4 wk
				3D GRE	T2*: 50/20	80 × 80; 256 × 160; 2.0
Kim et al[51]	PC - Bio Spec - Bruker	NA	4.7	SE	T1: 600/14	40 × 30; 256 × 192; 1.0	2 d, 1 w, 2 w...10 wk
				RARE	T2: 5000/90
				FLASH	T2*: 758 × 30
Guzman et al[52]	PC - Varian Medical Systems	NA	4.7	SE	T2: 2500/45	40; 256 × 256; 1.0	2 d, 7 d, 35 d
				3D GRE	T2*: 600/5	30 × 30 × 30; 128× 128 × 128
Syková et al[53]	PC - Bio Spec-Bruker	NA	4.7	FGE	T2: NA	NA	1 d, 1-7 wk
Zhu et al[54]	Sigma - GE Healthcare	NA	3.0	SE	T2: 200/20	NA	1 d, 7 d

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; PC: Preclinical MRI scanner; NIH: National Institutes of Health; NA: Not applicable; MF: Magnetic field; T2: Transverse relaxation time; FSE/TSE: Fast or turbo spin echo; FFE: Fast field echo; PDW: Proton density-weighted; GRE: Gradient echo; MGE: Multiple gradient echo; SPGR: Spoiled gradient recalled echo; SE: Spin echo; FGE: Fast gradient echo; FLASH: Fast low angle shot; PDW: Proton density-weighted; RARE: Rapid acquisition with refocused echoes; SWI: Susceptibility weighted imaging; MSME: Multi-spin-multi-echo; SPGR: Spoiled gradient recalled echo; TR: Time repetition ; TE: Echo time ; FOV: Field-of-view; MT: Matrix; ST: Slice thickness.