Stem cell homing, tracking and therapeutic efficiency evaluation for stroke treatment using nanoparticles: A systematic review

Table 3 Characteristics of the contrast agents used in the stem cell labeling, homing and tracking analysis by molecular imaging modalities

Ref.	Contrast agent	Concentration (mg/mL)	Core/Hydrodynamic size (nm)	Coating agent	Zeta Potential (mV)	Conjugated agent (Ex/Em: nm)	Image detection mode	R1/R2 (mmol-1. Sec-1)	Developer
Lim et al[33]	NP (BCN-Fe3O4)	NR	20/238.9	BCN, chitosan	+12.6	Cy5.5 (675/695)	Dual (Mgt, NIRF)	NR/526.1	Synthesized
Wang et al[29]	Alkyl-SPIO	NR	NR/80-120	Alkyl-PEI	Approximately +21.0	NA	Dual (Mgt, BLI)	NR/549.7	Synthesized
Yun et al[30]	Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 (ZnMNP)12	NR	NR	Dextran	NR	NA	Dual (Mgt, BLI)	NR	Synthesized
Argibay et al[38]	Fe3O41	NR	3.7/94	Dextran	-11.0	NA	Mono (Mgt)	NR/701	Synthesized
Duan et al[37]	Fe3O4-LCP	0.12	6/136	PDLLA	+18.0	NA	Mono (Mgt)	NR/500.2	Synthesized
Lu et al[35]	PAsp(DMA)-Lys-CA2 (C-NP)2	NR	NR/64.1	NR	+15.32	Nile red (552/636)	Dual (Mgt, VFL)	NR/460.5	Synthesized
	PEG-Lys-CA2 (N-NP)2		NR/69.4		+0.10			NR/462.9
Zhang et al[34]	Ferritin2	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Dual (Mgt, NIRF)	NR	Synthesized
Lin et al[36]	SPION	0.25	NR/128	ASP	+21.6	NA	Mono (Mgt)	NR/296	Synthesized
Zhang et al[39]	SPION	NR	30/50	Dextran	NR	NA	Mono (Mgt)	NR/300	Synthesized
Duan et al[40]	Fe3O4-LCP2	0.12	6/136	PDLLA	+18.0	NA	Mono (Mgt)	NR/500.2	Synthesized
	Fe3O42	1.00	6/10.8	PLL	+32.8			NR/457.2
Bai et al[42]	bCD-Gd	NR	NA/24.4	NA	NR	Cy5.5 (675/695) Rhod (565/620)	Tri (Mgt, NIRF, VFL)	8.6/NR	Synthesized
Chen et al[28]	GRMNB1	NR	NA/130	Silica	NR	NA	Dual (Mgt, BLI)	1.21/127.89	Synthesized
Tan et al[41]	γ-Fe2O3 (ferucarbotran)	27.90	4/60	Carboxydextran	NR	NA	Mono (Mgt)	NR	Resovist®, Fujifilm RI Pharma Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Janowski et al[44]	Fe3O4	2.00	8/35	Dextran	+31.0	Rhod (565/620)	Dual (Mgt, VFL)	30.4/75.8	BioPAL Inc, Worcester, MA, USA
Park et al[43]	PCION	NR	11/371.6	PEG	+28.6	Rhod (565/620)	Dual (Mgt, VFL)	NR	Synthesized
Zhang et al[45]	fmSiO4@SPIONs	NR	30/151 30/148	Silica	-22.5	FITC (490/525)	Dual (Mgt, VFL)	NR/309.53	Synthesized
								NR/231.74
	fdSiO4@SPIONs				-38.0
Tarulli et al[46]	Fe3O4 (MPIO)	NR	NR/900	DBP	< 0	DGF (480/520)	Dual (Mgt, VFL)	NR	NR
Liu et al[47]	SPION	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Mono (Mgt)	NR	NR
Wang et al[48]	Fe3O4 (PMNC)	NR	8/120	Silica	-38.0	Rhod (565/620)	Dual (Mgt, VFL)	3.81/435	Synthesized
Lee et al[50]	MGIO	NR	5/602	PMG	NR	NA	Mono (Mgt)	NR	Synthesized
Song et al[49]	FeO1.44 (Feridex)	11.20	5-6/50-180	Dextran	-12.0	NA	Mono (Mgt)	23.9/98.3	Advanced Magnetic, Cambridge, MA, United States
Kim et al[51]	FeO1.44 (Feridex)	11.2	5-6/50-180	Dextran	-12	NA	Mono (Mgt)	23.9/98.3	Advanced Magnetic, Cambridge, MA, United States
Guzman et al[52]	FeO1.44 (Feridex)	11.2	5-6/50-180	Dextran	-12	NA	Mono (Mgt)	23.9/98.3	Berlex Laboratories, Wayne, NJ, United States
Syková et al[53]	Fe3O4 (Endorem)	15.8	4.3-5.6/150	Dextran	-12	NA	Mono (Mgt)	40/160	Guerbet, Roissy, France
Zhu et al[54]	FeO1.44 (Feridex)	11.2	5-6/50-180	Dextran	-12	NA	Mono (Mgt)	23.9/98.3	Advanced Magnetic, Cambridge, MA, United States

¹transduced with the luciferase protein (Vector Type - Lentiviral FUGW-Luc2).

²transduced with the GFP protein (Vector type - eGPF/FTH). Ex/Em: Excitation/Emission; NP: Nanoparticle; BCN: Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne; Fe₃O₄: Iron oxide; SPIO: Superparamagnetic iron oxide; LCP: Loaded cationic polymersomes; ZnMNP: Zinc-doped ferrite magnetic nanoparticle; PAsp(DMA): Poly(aspartic acid-dimethylethanediamine); Lys-CA: Lysine-cholic acid; C-NP: Cationic nanoparticle; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; N-NP: Neutral nanoparticle; SPION: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; bCD-Gd: Bacterial cytosine deaminase-gadolinium; GRMNBs: Gold nanorods crystal-seeded magnetic mesoporous silica nanobeads; PCION: Poly-(ethylene glycol)-coated cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles; fmSiO₄@SPIONs: Fluorescent mesoporous silica-coated SPIONs; fdSiO₄@SPIONs: Fluorescent dense silica-coated SPIONs; PMNC: Polystyrene magnetite nanocluster; MGIO: Microgel iron oxide; MPIO: Micron-sized superparamagnetic iron oxide particles; NR: Not reported; NA: Not applicable; Alkyl-PEI: Amphiphilic low molecular weight polyethylenimine; PDLLA: Poly(D,L-lactide); PEI: Polyetherimide; ASP: Spermine-modified amylose; PLL: Poly-L-lysine; DBP: Divinyl benzene polymer; PMG: Precursor microgel; Cy5.5: Cyanine5.5; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; Rhod: Rhodamine B; pDNA: Plasmid DNA; FTH: Ferritin heavy chain; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate; DGF: Dragon green fluorophore; Mgt: Magnetic; NIRF: Near infrared fluorescence; BLI: Bioluminescence imaging; VFL: Visible field fluorescence.