Overview of noncoding RNAs involved in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells

Figure 3 Overview of the role of long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs during osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. Red frame indicates long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) or circular RNAs (circRNAs), yellow frame indicates miRNAs interacted by lncRNAs and circRNAs, blue frame indicates target mRNAs or osteogenesis-related biomarkers, green frame indicates signaling pathways associated with osteogenic differentiation. These lncRNAs and circRNAs affect downstream factors to trigger related biomarkers or signaling pathways and then regulate the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. PCAT1: Prostate cancer-associated ncRNA transcript-1; E2F5: E2F transcription factor 5; MEG3: Maternally expressed gene 3; hnRNP I: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I; BMP2: Bone morphogenetic protein-2; TUG1: Taurine upregulated gene 1; Lin28A: Lin-28 homolog A; Runx2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; ANCR: Anti-differentiation noncoding RNA; EZH2: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2; Notch2: Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2; FoxO1: Forkhead box O1; POIR: Osteogenesis impairment-related lncRNA of periodontal ligament stem cells; TCF4: Transcription factor 4; CDR1as: Antisense to the cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 transcript; GDF5: Growth differentiation factor 5; Smad1/5/8: SMAD family member 1/5/8; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HIF1A‑AS1/2: HIF1A antisense RNA 1/2; ACVR2B: Activin A receptor type 2B; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, OCN: Osteocalcin; OSX: Osterix; BSP: Bone Sialoprotein; DSP: Desmoplakin; miR: MicroRNA.