Overview of noncoding RNAs involved in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells

Table 1 Expression profile of ncRNAs involved in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells

ncRNAs	Method	Subjects	Results	Ref.
mi-RNA	Microarray	3 hPDLSCs from normal healthy premolars without periodontitis or caries cultured in mineralized medium and 3 in non-mineralized medium	30 upregulated and 86 downregulated miRNAs (P < 0.05, FC ≥ 2)	Hao et al[37] 2017
mi-RNA	Microarray	6 samples from untreated hPDLSCs and 6 hPDLSCs under osteogenic induction	miR-24-3p with the minimum fold change was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05, FC ≥ 2)	Li et al[38] 2019
mi-RNA	Microarray	3 hPDLSCs cultured with 5.5 mmol/L glucose or 3 cultured with 25 mmol/L glucose mineralized medium	Analyzed 700 miRNAs and found miR-31 was the most upregulated in hPDLSCs cultured with 25 mmol/L glucose (P < 0.01, FC ≥ 2)	Zhen et al[48] 2017
mi-RNA	Microarray	3 hPDLSCs from 3 volunteers not subjected to stretch and 3 hPDLSCs from 3 volunteers subjected to mechanical stretch	26 miRNAs were up-regulated while 27 miRNAs were down-regulated with stretching (P < 0.01, FC ≥ 2)	Wei et al[55] 2014
lncRNA	RNA sequencing	3 PDLSCs every group cultured in an osteogenic medium for 0, 3, 7, or 14 d	lncRNAs showed stage-specific expression, and 17 lncRNAs were up-regulated while31 were down-regulated in PDLSCs in an osteogenic medium for 3, 7, or 14 d (P < 0.05, FC ≥ 2)	Zheng et al[68] 2018
lncRNA	Microarray	3 hPDLSCs both in osteoblast-induced group and non-induced group	994 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 1177 lncRNAs were down-regulated during osteogenic differentiation in PDLSCs at 14 d (P < 0.05, FC ≥ 2)	Qu et al[69] 2016
lncRNA	RNA sequencing	3 hPDLSCs subjected to static compressive stress (2 g/cm2) for 12 h and 3 normal hPDLSCs	72 lncRNAs were upregulated and 18 downregulated by compressive stress (P < 0.05, FC ≥ 1.5)	Huang et al[70] 2019
lncRNA	Microarray	3 noninduced and 3 osteogenically induced hPDLSCs	12 upregulated and 8 downregulated lncRNAs and MEG3 belonging to significant downregulation genes in induced cells (P < 0.05, FC ≥ 2)	Liu et al[73] 2019
lncRNA	Microarray	3 hPDLSCs from 3 normal persons and 3 pPDLSCs from 3 periodontitis patients with osteogenic differentiation	89 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between the two groups of cells and lncRNA-POIR was the most significantly altered between the non-induced group and osteogenic-induced group (P < 0.05, FC > 2)	Wang et al[77] 2016
lncRNA and circRNA	RNA sequencing	3 samples from untreated hPDLSCs and 3 hPDLSCs under osteogenic induction	A total of 960 lncRNAs and 1456 circRNAs were found to be differentially expressed (P < 0.05, FC ≥ 2)	Gu et al[67] 2017
circRNA	RNA sequencing	3 hPDLSCs were subjected to mechanical force and 3 hPDLSCs were not subjected to force	identified 2970 and 2788 circRNAs, respectively, in the control group and the force group, and 1191 circRNAs were significantly upregulated and 1,487 were downregulated in the force group (P < 0.05, FC > 2)	Wang et al[89] 2019

miRNAs: MicroRNAs; lncRNAs: Long non-coding RNAs; circRNAs: Circular RNAs; hPDLSCs: Human periodontal ligament stem cells; PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells; MEG3: Maternally expressed gene 3; POIR: Osteogenesis impairment-related lncRNA of PDLSCs.