Proteomic profiling of various human dental stem cells - a systematic review

Table 1 Proteomic analysis of individual human dental stem cells

Ref.	Human dental stem cells analyzed	Method used	Main findings	Inference
Morsczeck et al[30]	Dental follicle precursor cells	2-DE combined with LC-MS/MS Bioinformatic analyses	Differentially regulated proteins: 115 upregulated proteins: Glutamine synthetase, lysosomal proteinase cathepsin B Proteins, plastin 3 t-isoform, beta-actin, superoxide dismutases, and transgelin Highly downregulated proteins: Cofilin-1, pro-alpha 1 collagen, destrin, prolyl 4-hydrolase and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Upregulated proteins Downregulated proteins	Actin-bundling and defense against Oxidative cellular stress Collagen biosynthesis Catabolism, cell motility and biological quality Cell cycle progression and protein metabolism
Pivoriunas et al[15]	Human dental pulp derived SHEDs	2-DE and MALDI-TOF-MS	The protein spot designs imagined on 2-DE gels were entirely replicable, and roughly 150–300 protein spots were distinguished on each gel The cells communicated trademark antigens of MSC-like cells, including CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, and did not express hematopoietic markers CD14, CD34, and CD45, as surveyed with FACS examination	Identification of profoundly communicated proteins in SHEDs uncovered proteomic profiles fundamentally the same as that of MSC-like cells got from different tissues
Niehage et al[10]	hPDLSCs	LC-MS/MS	400 cell surface proteins were recognized Prominently, a few proteins affiliated with the tumor necrosis factor receptor super family (CD40, CD120a, CD261, CD262, CD264, and CD266), distinctive integrins (alpha-4, alpha-6, and alpha-10), or interleukin receptors (CD121a, CD130, CD213a1, CD217, and CDw210b) were distinguished	Huge, changes in the proteomes of DPSCs cultured in either low (BE medium) or high (S medium) serum content milieu
Xiong et al[25]	hPDLSCs	2-DE-MS	An aggregate of 80 very much settled proteins spots with an atomic weight scope of 10-110 kDa were recognized. Following spot extraction and investigation by MS, a sum of 32 protein spots were recognized as membrane related proteins PDLSC were likewise found to express two novel cell surface proteins, Annexin A2 and sphingosine kinase 1	These proteomic discoveries give the stage to additionally characterize the cell surface protein articulation profile of PDLSC so as to additionally describe this cell populace and support development of novel isolation and purification strategies
Wei et al[11]	hPDLSCs	2-DE coupled with MALDI-TOF MS	23 protein spots identified to the early odontogenic differentiation were distinguished; These proteins included cytoskeleton proteins, nuclear proteins, cell membrane-bound molecules, proteins involved in matrix synthesis, and metabolic enzymes; The expression of four identified proteins, which were heteronuclear ribonuclear proteins C, annexin VI, collagen type VI, and matrilin-2, was confirmed by Western blot and real-time real time polymerase chain reaction	Articulation changes of the recognized proteins uncover the inclusion of involvement of various regulation mechanisms in odontoblast-like differentiation including cell cycle, protein synthesis and degradation, Ca2+ homeostasis, signal transduction, translation, and cellular energy regulation, which are all fascinating focuses for further examinations
Wu et al[26]	Human periodontal ligament cells	2-DE combined with LC-MS/MS and peptide mass fingerprinting	61 proteins in periodontal ligament cells experiencing differentiation appeared no less than a 1.5-crease change in intensity, of which 29 differentially communicated proteins were effectively distinguished by MALDI-TOF MS The outflows of a portion of the recognized proteins were moreover confirmed stern blotting and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis	These proteins for the most part included cytoskeleton proteins and cytoskeleton-related proteins, nuclear proteins and cell membrane bound particles, and might be related with the remarkable capacity of periodontal ligament cells in keeping up periodontal tissue homeostasis, especially in the midst of the mineralization of periodontal tendon
Gnanasegaran et al[12]	DPSCs from carious teeth	PCR Western blot analysis Impulse detection via microelectrode array	The capability of DPSCs-CT to differentiate into DAergic-like cells was not proportionate to that of DPSCs; This was also reflected in both gene and protein generation whereby key neuronal markers, for example, nestin, NURR1 and beta-III-tubulin were expressed essentially lower when contrasted with separated DPSCs; Also, articulations of transcriptomes identified with neurogenesis uncovered down control of over half of the qualities when contrasted with separated DPSC	DPSCs-CT were able to differentiate into DAergic-like cells but not as efficiently as DPSCs
Dou et al[31]	DFCs	iTRAQ labeling combined with MS	A total of 2092 transmitted proteins were distinguished in adjusted media of iDFCs. Diverged from primary DFCs, 253 unmistakably conveyed proteins were found in iDFCs secretome (142 up-managed and 111 down-controlled); Bioinformatic examination revealed that the vast majority of emitted proteins were locked in with cell process, metabolic procedure, biologic control, cell part association or biogenesis, immune framework process, formative procedure, reaction to upgrade and flagging	Proteomic profile of cell secretome wasn’t largely affected after immortalization converted by this piggyback immortalization system; The secretome of iDFCs may be a good candidate of primary DFCs for regenerative medicine
Reichenberg et al[27]	Periodontal ligament fibroblast	2-DE MALDI-TOF	900 spots were distinguished and recognized 117 protein spots originating in 74 different genes; In addition to scaffold cytoskeletal proteins, proteins implicated with cellular motility and membrane trafficking, chaperone, stress and folding proteins, metabolic enzymes, proteins associated with detoxification and membrane activity, biodegradative metabolism, translation and transduction, extracellular proteins, and cell cycle regulation proteins were recognized	Most of these identified proteins are closely related to the extensive PDL fibroblasts’ functions and homeostasis
Hao et al[28]	Periodontal ligament stem cells	Microarray	Expression of 116 miRNAs was found to be altered after osteo-induction, with 30 upregulated and 86 downregulated; Thirty-one of these miRNAs (26.7%) had osteogenesis-related target genes	Noteworthy modifications in miRNA articulation profiles were seen amid osteogenic separation of hPDLSCs; These outcomes infer that miRNAs may effectively affect this procedure by focusing on osteogenesis-related genes
Wilson et al[13]	DPSCs	High-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization	Spontaneously immortalized and hTERT immortalized DPSCs do not demonstrate tumorgenic potential	Cultured DPSC lines that can be differentiated into neurons may be safe for future in vivo therapy for neurobiological diseases
Choi et al[14]	DPSCs	Microarray	Strong expression of BBX during the odontoblast differentiation of DPSCs; The overexpression of BBX cDNA in DPSCs/progenitors induced substantial mineralization and expression of the odontoblast marker genes, such as ALP, OPN, BSP, DMP1, and DSPP	The results show that BBX plays a key role in the regulation of odontoblast differentiation of hPDLSCs/progenitors.

2-DE: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; SHEDs: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; LC: Liquid chromatography; MS: Mass spectrometry; MALDI-TOF: Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells; FACS: Fluorescent-activated cell sorting; DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells; hPDLSCs: Human PDLSCs; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; CT: Computed tomography; iTRAQ: Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation; DFCs: Dental follicle cells; iDFCs: Immortalized DFCs; PDL: Periodontal ligament; hTERT: Human telomerase reverse transcriptase.