Urine-derived stem/progenitor cells: A focus on their characterization and potential

Table 2 Summary of urine-derived stem cell differentiation reports

Cell type	Medium	Supplements	Initial density	Protocol duration	Note	Ref.
“MSC-like” differentiated cell types
Adipogenic cells	DMEM	Dexamethasone 1 µmol/L, isobutyl-1 methylxanthine 500 µmol/L, indomethacin 66 µmol/L, hydrocortisone 500 µmol/L	14000 cells/cm²	24 d	2 d in DMEM without supplement before differentiation	[15]
	DMEM low glucose	Dexamethasone 1 µmol/L, isobutyl-1 methylxanthine 500 µmol/L, indomethacin 100 µmol/L, insulin 10 µg/mL	20000 cells/cm²	28 d	/	[30]
	Specific adipogenic medium	FBS (optional)	1000 to 5000 cells/cm²	14 d	/	[13,22,23,33,39]
	Specific adipogenic medium	NA	80% of confluency	14 d	/	[24]
Chondrogenic cells	DMEM/Ham's F12	Fetal calf serum 10%, insulin 6 µg/mL, ascorbic acid 2P 0.2 mmol/L, TGF-b1 10 ng/mL	1500 cells/cm²	28 d	/	[15]
	Specific chondrogenic medium	NA	50000 cells/cm²	28 d	/	[22,24]
	Specific chondrogenic medium	NA	300000 cells to 1000000 cells	28 d	Cell aggregation in conical polypropylene tube before differentiation	[23]
Osteogenic cells	DMEM low glucose	Dexamethasone 10-100 nmol/L, ascorbate2-phosphate 50-1500 µmol/L, glycerophosphate 10 mmol/L, FCS 10%, Vit D3 10 nmol/L (optional)	1500 to 4000 cells/cm²	28 d	/	[15,30]
	DMEM low glucose	FBS + osteogenic supplement	4000 cells/cm²	28 d	/	[23]
	Specific osteogenic medium	NA	1000 cells/ cm²	28 d	/	[39]
	Specific osteogenic medium	NA	80% confluency at P4	14 d to 21 d	/	[22,24,33]
Other cell types
Endothelial cells	EBM-2	VEGF 50 ng/mL + FBS (optional)	3000 to 5000 cells/cm²	9 d to 14 d	Coating with fibronectin + 2 d of preculture	[23,31,32]
	Microbeads	VEGF	1000 cells/cm²	14 d	MD	[35]
Neuronal cells	Specific nerve induction medium	NA	6000 cells/cm²	2 d	Pre-culture with DMEM + 20% FBS + 10 ng/mL bFGF 24 h	[23]
	DMEM F12	hEGF 20 ng/mL, bFGF 40 ng/mL, B27 2%, NEAA 1%, l-glutamine 1%, insulin-transferrin-selenite 1%.	20%-30% of confluency	12 d	Coating: Polystyrene	[22]
	NeuroCult NS-A differentiation kit	NA	100000 cells/cm²	7 d	Preculture	[24]
	NM3 basic neuronal induction medium	Y27632 10 μmol/L, A8301 5 μmol/L, CHIR99021 3 μmol/L, TTNPB 1 μmol/L, forskolin5 μmol/L, valproic acid 0.5 mmol/L, sodium butyrate 0.1 mmol/L	MD	MD	Coating with Matrigel and preculture (2 d)	[37]
Skeletal myogenic cells	DMEM	Skeletal supplement + SVF 10%, Horse serum 5%, hydrocortisone 50 µmol/L, dexamethasone 0,1 µmol/L	MD	28 d	/	[23]
	Conditioned medium	NA	MD	28 d	12 h of culture of medium with skeletal myogenic cells	[23]
	Conditioned medium	NA	80% confluency	14 d	Culture of medium with skeletal myogenic cells	[24]
Smooth muscle cells	DMEM + EFM (1:1)	FBS, TGF-β1 (2.5 ng/mL), PDG-BB (2.5 to 5 ng/mL)	1000 to 2000 cells/cm²	14 d	/	[12,19,23,34,36]
Renal differentiation
Podocytes	VRAD: DMEMF12	FBS 10%, vitamin D3 100 nmol/L, retinoic acid 100 µmol/L	MD	48 h	MD	[14]
Tubular cells	REGM	Hepatocyte growth factor 50 ng/mL	MD	21 d	MD	[14]
Urothelium cells	KFSM + EFM (1:1)	FBS 2%, EGF 30 ng/mL	3000 cell/cm²	14 d	MD	[36]
	KFSM	FBS 2%, EGF 30 ng/mL	3000 cell/cm²	14 d	MD	[34]
	KFSM + EFM (4:1)	FBS 2%, EGF 30 ng/mL	3000 cells/cm²	14 d	/	[36]
	DMEM + KFSM (4:1)	FBS 8%, EGF 30 ng/mL	1,000 cells/cm²	14 d	/	[19]
	Conditioned medium from urothelial cells 8 h + EFM + KFSM (1:1)	EGF 30 ng/mL	50000 cells/cm²	7 to 21 d	Dynamic culture	[21]
	Conditioned medium of smooth muscle cells 12 h + KFSM (1:1)	NA	50000 cells/cm²	7 to 21 d	Dynamic culture	[21]

bFGF: Basic fibroblastic growth factor; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; EFM: Embryonic fibroblast medium; EGF: Endothelial growth factor; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; FCS: Fetal calf serum; KFSM: Keratinocyte free serum medium; MD: Missing data; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; NA: Not applicable; NEAA: Non-essential amino acids; PDG-BB: Platelet-derived growth factor BB; SVF: Stromal vascular fraction; TGF: Transforming growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.