Cell membrane and bioactive factors derived from mesenchymal stromal cells: Cell-free based therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases

Figure 2 Enhanced immunosuppressive properties of MSC in cell contact-dependent mechanism. Treatment with IFN-γ and TNF-α induce MSC1 to express immunomodulatory molecules (MSC2) that mediate the suppression via cell contact-dependent mechanisms including PD-L1/PD-1 pathway and FAS-L/FAS interaction. To improve MSC homing, new therapeutic approaches are being developed: Heat-inactivated cells and lysed cells (extract or cell membrane). MSC-based therapy may exert its therapeutic effects mainly by cell-cell contact and consequently by interaction with immune cells, establishing a favorable environment for the regeneration of intestinal tissue. MSC: Mesenchymal stromal cells; IFN: Interferon; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase.