Effects of environmental stressors on stem cells

Table 5 Other environmental toxicants and their effects on stem cells

Environmental Toxicant	Type of stem cell	Model	In vivo/In vitro	Parameters1	Ref.	Environmental Toxicant	Type of stem cell	Model	In vivo/In vitro	Parameters1	Ref.
Radiation, Ionizing	HSC	H	In vitro	↑ROS, ↑Apoptosis, ↑Senescence, ↓Long-term renewal	[49,50]	Particulate Matter	Bone marrow MSC	M	In vivo	↑ROS, ↓Proliferation	[61]
Radiation, Radiofrequency	HSC	H	In vitro	↓DNA damage	[51]	Particulate Matter	HSC	H	In vivo	↓Telomere length	[62]
Alcohol	HSC	M	In vivo	↑DNA double stranded breaks, ↑Chromosome rearrangement, ↑Myelopoiesis	[52]	Ozone (O3)	Adipose-derived MSC	H	In vitro	↑ROS, ↑Lipid accumulation	[64]
Alcohol	Intestinal stem	M	In vivo	↓Differentiation	[53]	VOCs	Bone marrow HSC	M	In vivo	↑Apoptosis, ↓Nucleated bone marrow cells	[67]
Alcohol	ESC	H	In vitro	↑Differentiation	[54]	VOCs	Enhanced eosinophil/ basophil progenitor	H	In vivo	↑Differentiation	[65]
Cigarette smoke	ESC	M	In vitro	↑Apoptosis, ↓Viability	[59]	VOCs	Neural progenitor	M	In vitro	↑Cytotoxicity	[66]
Cigarette smoke	Bone marrow MSC	H	In vitro	↓Differentiation, ↓Morphological changes	[58]

¹For detailed information on parameters, see text below. HSC: Hematopoietic stem cells; ESC: Embryonic stem cells; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells; VOCs: Volatile organic compounds; H: Human; M: Mouse; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.