Effects of environmental stressors on stem cells

Table 3 Heavy metals and their effects on stem cells

Environmental Toxicant	Type of stem cell	Model	In vivo/In vitro	Parameters1	Ref.	Environmental Toxicant	Type of stem cell	Model	In vivo/In vitro	Parameters1	Ref.
Lead	Fetal germ	H	In vivo	↑DNA methylation changes	[2]	Arsenic	Adipose-derived MSC	M	In vivo	↓Differentiation	[15]
Lead	Neural progenitor	H	In vitro	↓Proliferation	[11]	Arsenic	Induced pluripotent stem cell	H	In vitro	↓Viability, ↑DNA damage	[16]
Lead	ESC	H	In vitro	↑Neuronal differentiation changes	[77]	Mercury	HSC	M	In vivo	↓Proliferation at high-doses ↑Proliferation at low-doses	[17]
Lead	Bone marrow-derived MSC	R	In vitro	↓Osteogenesis	[13]	Mercury	Neural progenitor	M	In vivo	↓Differentiation	[18]
Lead	Neural stem	M	In vitro	↑Astrogliogenesis, ↑Microgliosis	[12]	Cadmium	Neural progenitor	H	In vitro	↓Proliferation, ↑Apoptosis	[19]
Arsenic	ESC	M	In vitro	↓Differentiation	[78]	Cadmium	HSC	M	In vivo	↓Differentiation potential, ↑Myelopoiesis	[20]

¹For detailed information on parameters, see text below. H: Human; R: Rat; M: Mouse; ESC: Embryonic stem cells; HSC: Hematopoietic stem cells; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells.