Bone marrow microenvironment: The guardian of leukemia stem cells

Table 2 Possible molecules and their role in acute myeloid leukemia stem cells-bone marrow microenvironment interaction

Target	Source	Role	Ref.
VLA-4	AML LSCs	Homing	[37]
CD44	AML LSCs	Homing	[38,96]
CXCR4	AML LSCs	Adhesion	[40]
Jagged-1	Osteoblast	Proliferation	[42]
CXCR2	AML LSCs	Proliferation, survival	[44]
Parathyroid hormone	BMM	OB proliferation, LSCs growth	[97]
Proangiogenesis factors (VEGF, HGF, BFGF, VEGFR)	AML LSCs, BMM	Endothelial and LSC proliferation	[47,48]
Cytokines (IL-6, IL1β, TNFα, G-CSF, GM-CSF)	AML LSCs, BMM	Angiogenesis, LSC proliferation	[51]
Tie-2	Osteoblast	LSCs quiescent	[46]
CD36	AML LSCs	Energy source provider	[56]

AML LSC: Acute myeloid leukemia stem cell; BMM: Bone marrow microenvironment; VLA-4: Very late antigen-4; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; CXCR2: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; BFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta, TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; G-CSF: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor.