Physical energies to the rescue of damaged tissues

Table 2 Electromagnetic field studies

Electromagnetic fields	Conditions	Biological effects	References number
Extremely low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields	Adult ventricular cardiomyocytes	Induction of the expression of endorphin genes and peptides; Control of intracellular calcium and pH homeostasis; Regulation of myocardial growth; Orchestration of stem cell cardiogenesis	[101-109]
	Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells	Induction of cardiogenesis, cardiac gene and protein expression, ensuing into a high-throughput of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes	[110]
Radioelectric field of 2.4 GHz (REAC)	Mouse ES cells, hADSCs and human skin fibroblasts	Optimization in the expression of pluripotency/multipotency; Increase in commitment along myocardial, skeletal muscle, and neuronal fates, with a biphasic effect on the transcription of stemness genes	[111-117]
	hADSCs	Reduction of senescence-associated β-galactosidase expression; Overexpression of the TERT gene associated with an increase in telomerase activity; Overexpression of the BMI1 gene; REAC effects counteracted by chemical inhibition of type-2 hyaluronan synthase	[118-120]
	PC12 cells, a rat cell line of pheochromocytoma	Induction of the neurological and morphofunctional differentiation; Up-regulation of neurogenic genes; Decrease in PC12 cells	[132]

ES cells: Embryonic stem cells; hADSCs: Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells; REAC: Radio electric asymmetric conveyer.