Improved guided bone regeneration by combined application of unmodified, fresh autologous adipose derived regenerative cells and plasma rich in growth factors: A first-in-human case report and literature review

Figure 6 Histological findings. Representative photomicrographs of histochemical detection of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (A-D) as well as of immunohistochemical detection of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (runX2) (E-H), collagen 1 (Coll 1) (I-L), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) (M-P) in 3 µm thick paraffin sections of biopsies that were collected at 6 wk (A, B, E, F, I, J, M, N) or 34 wk (C, D, G, H, K, L, O, P) after GBR-MSA with the application of UA-ADRCs (A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O) or without UA-ADRCs (B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P). In A-D the arrows point to osteoclasts, in E to osteoblasts, in I-L to type I collagen in osteoid seams, and in M-P to AP immunostaining found in osteoblasts, osteoblast-like cells, and fibroblasts in the intertrabecular connective tissue. Furthermore, in I-L the asterisks indicate type I collagen in the matrix of newly formed bone trabeculae. The scale bar in P represents 200 µm in A-D and I-P, and 100 µm in E-H. UA-ADRCs: Unmodified autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells.