Effect of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) as natural polymers on mesenchymal stem cells

Figure 1 The scheme illustrating the association of PHA natural functions with the effect of implanted PHA scaffolds on mesenchymal stem cells differentiation. PHA: poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate), PHB: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), 3HA: 3-hydroxyalkanoate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; Tgf-βRII: transforming growth factor, beta receptor II; runx2: runt-related transcription factor 2; mTOR: the mammalian target of rapamycin; RhoA: Ras homolog gene family, member A; ERK1/2: extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Sirt1: NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; TLR2 and TLR4: toll-like receptor 2 and 4; NOD1 and NOD2: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 and 2.