Physiologically based microenvironment for in vitro neural differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells

Table 3 Biomaterials for neural phenotype of adipose stem cells

Biomaterials	Profile	Effect on ASCs	Test on animal	Limitation for clinical
Chitosan films	Naturally derived polysaccharide from chitin[81,82]	Spontaneous cell organization in a 3D architecture	Yes, higher cellular retention ratio of ASC spheroids after intramuscular injection in nude mouse[81]	Not declared
Chitosan and gelatin	Elastic-dominant, porous scaffold	Conditioning toward a neuron-like phenotype	Yes, better repair in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury[83]	Not declared
Chitosan and silk	Complex structural framework	Efficient as delivery vehicle for ASCs	Yes, proposed as nerve grafts in the regeneration of injured rat sciatic nerve[84]	Not declared
Collagen gel	Engineered neural tissue	Cells must be aligned to collagen fibres	Yes, supported robust neural regeneration of injured rat sciatic nerve[85]	Not declared
Albumin	Serum-derived porous scaffold	Promotion toward neurons	Yes, filler effect on the spinal cord cavity in animal models of spinal cord injury[86]	Not declared
Matrigel	Commercially available hydrogel	Good cell encapsulation and delivery[87]	Yes, mouse models of spinal cord injury	Not applicable for its isolation from the basement membrane of a mouse sarcoma
Alginate	Hydrogel	Neurospheres encapsulation and neural promotion[88,89]		Good biocompatible profile
Nanosized graphene oxide-laminin hybrid patterns	Engineered tissue	Efficient neuron-like cells differentiation[90]

ASCs: Adipose stem cells; 3D: Three-dimensional.