Pancreatic cancer stem cells: Perspectives on potential therapeutic approaches of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Table 1 Non-cancer related drugs and their potential effects on pancreatic cancer stem cells

Drug	Function	Relative pathway/process	Ref.
Salinomycin Azithromycin Nigericin Tigecycline	Anti-bacterial antibiotic	Wnt, EMT Mitochondria EMT OXPHOS	[33]
			[35]
			[38]
			[29]
Chloroquine Atovaquone	Anti-malaria	OXPHOS OXPHOS	[39]
			[36,40]
Aprepitant	Anti-emetic	Wnt	[41]
Ketamine	Anti-depressant	Wnt	[42,43]
Aspirin	Anti-pyretic Anti-inflammatory	ALDH1, NF-κB	[44,45]
Metformin	Anti-diabetic	mTOR, PI3K/Akt	[46-48]
Disulfiram	Anti-alcoholism	NF-κB	[49-53]
Atorvastatin	Anti-cholesterol	Mevalonate	[7,54]

Wnt: Wingless-type MMTV integration site family; EMT: Epithelial mesenchymal transition; OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation; ALDH1: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B.