Hepatocardiorenal syndrome in liver cirrhosis: Recognition of a new entity?

Table 1 Summary of current knowledge and remaining knowledge gaps within the liver-heart-kidney connection

What is currently known	Remaining knowledge gaps
Pathophysiological mechanisms behind the onset and progression of HRS[1-5]	Exact timing and sequelae of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in the setting of HRS[10-25]
Targeted prevention and interventional strategies to prevent the onset and terminate the progression of HRS[1-5]	Potential pathophysiological mechanisms that interlink the onset and progression of cardiac dysfunction in HRS[11,18,23,27-34,37]
	Optimal screening markers and imaging modalities in the clinical setting to diagnose cardiac disease in cirrhosis and HRS, and to prognosticate outcomes[9,38-47]
	How can specific interventions like volume expansion using albumin and TIPS improve HRS-associated cardiac dysfunctions?[31,48-58]

HRS: Hepatorenal syndrome; TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.