Hericium erinaceus, a medicinal fungus with a centuries-old history: Evidence in gastrointestinal diseases

Table 1 Preclinical studies evaluating the antimicrobial activity of several Hericium erinaceus fraction toward Helicobacter pylori

Ref.	H. erinaceus fraction employed	Extraction method	Anti-H.pylori MIC (µg/mL)
Shang et al[50], 2013	Ethyl acetate fractions		62.5-250.01
Zhu et al[51], 2014	HEP25 (197 kDa)	Ethanol precipitation (ethanol concentration 25%)	3202
	HEP75 (20 kDa)	Ethanol precipitation (ethanol concentration 75%)	1602
	Bi3+plus HEP25	Complexation of peptides with bismuth[54]	202
	Bi3+plus HEP75		202
Liu et al[52], 2016	PE2s (4 g)	Petroleum ether extract	250-5003
	II-14-18 (311.000 mg)	Methyl alcohol elution from PE2s	12.5-503
	II-19-30 (355.100 mg)		12.5-253
	II-10-13 (306.100 mg)		25-1003
	II-54-58 (96.000 mg)		100-400 +3
	II-31-45 (363.900 mg)		25-503
	II-46-53 (184.500 mg)		25-1003
	II-59-63 (78.100 mg)		50-1003
	II-64-78 (425.400 mg)		100-400 +3
	II-1-6 (215.700 mg)		50-2003
	II-7-9 (319.900 mg)		25-2003
	1-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1-butanone)	Recrystallized from II-10-13 and II-54-58	12.5-503
	2,5-bis(methoxycarbonyl)terephthalic acid	Recrystallized from II-10-13 and II-54-58	6.25-253
Thi My Ngan et al[53], 2021	fEtOAc (11.040 g)	Culture filtrate-derived ethyl acetate fraction	1.254
	mEtOAc (0.091 g)	Mycelium-derived Ethyl acetate fraction	1.54
	mHexane (0.162 g)	Mycelium-derived hexane fraction	7.54
	PS (26.400 g)	Culture filtrate-derived polysaccharide	7.54
	fHexane (0.120 g)	Culture filtrate-derived hexane fraction	104
	mWater (0.509 g)	Mycelium-derived water fraction	10 +4
	fWater (72.480 g)	Culture filtrate-derived water fraction	10 +4

¹Nine clinical isolates are the employed strain of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

²Colloidal bismuth subcitrate with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 20 µg/mL was used as the comparison reference. NTCC11637 is the employed strain of H. pylori.

³The comparison references were metronidazole (MIC range 0.7800-1.5625 µg/mL) and tetracycline (MIC range 0.780-3.125 µg/mL). In addition, different isolates of H. pylori were used (i.e., ATCC 43504, SS1, H. pylori W₂504, H. pylori 9, H. pylori 64, H. pylori 78, and H. pylori 83). Therefore, the results are presented as MIC ranges.

⁴The reference comparison was amoxicillin, with a MIC of 0.032 µg/mL.

ATCC43504 is the employed strain of H. pylori. Bi³⁺: Bismuth; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration.

Table 2 Main studies examining antineoplastic mechanisms of Hericium erinaceus against colorectal cancer

Ref.	H. erinaceus fraction employed	Colonic cancer model	Identified mechanism
Kim et al[119], 2011	Hot water/ microwave ethanol extraction extracts	CT-26 cancer cells graft in mice	NK cells activity ↑; macrophages activity ↑; angiogenesis ↓
Li et al[77], 2014	Polysaccharides	HT-29 cancer cells graft in mice	-
Lee et al[65], 2017	Erinacine A	Cancer cells (HCT-116, DLD1)	PI3K/AKT/mTOR/; p70S6K pathway; ROS ↑
Sharif et al[120], 2018	Ethanolic and methanolic extracts	Cancer cells (HT-29)	α-glucosidase activity ↑; anti-tyrosinase activity ↓
Liu et al[116], 2020	Polysaccharides	Cancer cells (HCT-116)	CDK1 ↓; CDK2 ↓; Cyclin A2 ↓; MCM5 ↓
Hou et al[118], 2020	Polysaccharides	Cancer cells (HCT-116, DLD1)	Clived caspases 3,9 ↑; ROS ↑; Bax ↑; Bcl-2 ↓

NK: Natural killer; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; p70S6K: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1; CDK: Cyclin-dependent kinase; MCM5: Mini-chromosomal maintenance protein 5; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; Bax: Bcl-2-like protein 4; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2.