Epidemiological features of chronic hepatitis C infection caused by remunerated blood donors: A nearly 27-year period survey

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of remunerated blood donors

	Blood donors, n = 363	Single plasma donors, n = 780	Blood and plasma donors, n = 551	P value
Age in yr	56.8 ± 13.2	57.2 ± 11.3	57.1 ± 9.4	0.8821
≥ 40, < 50	56 (15.4)	83 (10.6)	68 (12.3)	0.07
≥ 50, < 60	203 (55.9)	501 (64.2)	336 (61.0)
≥ 60	104 (28.7)	196 (25.1)	147 (26.7)
Sex
Male	123 (33.92)	315 (36.5)	211 (38.3)	0.1092
Female	240 (66.1)	465 (63.5)	340 (61.5)
BMI	25.52 ± 4.32	25.36 ± 4.11	25.45 ± 3.22	0.3531
< 25	178 (49)	395 (50.6)	294 (53.4)	0.1672
≥ 25, < 28	130 (35.8)	284 (36.4)	169 (30.7)
≥ 28	55 (15.2)	101 (12.9)	88 (16)
PLT as × 109/L	207.3 ± 64.8	161.8 ± 55.4	176.3 ± 63.1	< 0.0011
ALB in g/L	42.3 ± 3.5	41.4 ± 4.7	43.3 ± 4.5	0.5131
ALT in U/L	27.4 ± 6.5	63.2 ± 18.7	52.6 ± 15.4	< 0.0011
AST in U/L	23.5 ± 7.4	55.4 ± 12.9	44.5 ± 22.6	< 0.0011
Anti-HCV
Positive	12 (3.3)	534 (68.5)	324 (58.8)	< 0.0012
Negative	351 (96.7)	246 (31.5)	227 (41.29)
HBsAg
Positive	2 (0.6)	3 (0.4)	1 (0.2)	0.6433
Negative	361 (99.4)	777 (99.6)	550 (99.8)
LSM in kPa	5.56 ± 2.64	7.37 ± 3.62	6.54 ± 3.54	< 0.0011
≥ 9	2 (0.6)	224 (28.7)	122 (22.1)	< 0.0012
< 9, ≥ 6	20 (5.5)	313 (40.1)	287 (52.1)
< 6	341 (93.9)	243 (31.2)	142 (25.8)
Blood donated frequency times
≥ 10	212 (58.4)	245 (31.4)	187 (33.9)	< 0.0012
< 10, ≥ 5	120 (33.1)	352 (45.1)	202 (36.7)
< 5	31 (8.5)	183 (23.5)	162 (29.4)
Interval time from last donated blood to survey in yr	27.56 ± 2.11	27.65 ± 3.02	27.84 ± 2.54	0.4531
Refused donated by elevated ALT
Yes	37 (10.2)	317 (40.6)	195 (35.4)	< 0.0012
No	326 (89.8)	463 (59.4)	356 (64.6)

Data are presented as n (%). The normal range of ALT and AST are 5-40 U/L, PLT is 100-300 × 10⁹/L, ALB is 35-55 g/L.

¹One-way analysis;

²Pearson Chi-Squared;

³Fisher’s exact test. ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; PLT: Platelet.

Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of hepatitis C virus in remunerated blood donors and multiple logistic regression analysis of factors associated with hepatitis C virus

	CHC, n = 592	No CHC, n = 278	P value	Multivariate4
				OR	95%CI	Wald	P value
Age in yr	55.4 ± 13.2	58.5 ± 9.4	< 0.0011	1.642	0.426-11.164	3.012	0.013
≥ 40, < 50	121 (20.4)	35 (12.6)	0.0032	1
≥ 50, < 60	356 (60.1)	168 (60.4)		3.542	0.521-13.254	1.534	0.435
≥ 60	115 (19.4)	75 (27.0)		11.226	0.065-137.53	5.322	0.004
Sex
Male	277 (46.8)	111 (39.9)	0.0582	1
Female	315 (53.2)	167 (60.1)		0.233	0.054-6.634	1.004	0.364
Alcohol consumption				0.532	0.147-1.647	0.853	0.547
Never	441 (74.5)	175 (62.9)	0.0022	0.436	0.124-1.006	1.075	0.443
Occasional	95 (16.0)	68 (24.5)		0.876	0.857-1.354	1.446	0.374
Often	56 (9.5)	35 (12.6)		1.231	0.843-1.556	0.667	0.432
BMI	24.12 ± 2.32	25.45 ± 3.22	< 0.0011	0.889	0.674-1.327	0.896	0.547
< 25	278 (47.0)	194 (69.8)	< 0.0012	1.216	0.536-1.625	0.034	0.646
≥ 25, < 28	230 (38.9)	69 (24.8)		7.233	0.054-66.63	1.534	0.343
≥ 28	84 (14.2)	15 (5.4)		4.365	0.643-22.534	1.543	0.113
HOMA-IR	1.53 ± 0.48	1.31 ± 0.52	< 0.0011	1.002	0.864-1.007	0.984	0.657
PLT as × 109/L	164.3 ± 64.8	196.3 ± 73.1	< 0.0011	3.112	1.475-121.153	16.886	< 0.001
ALB in g/L	42.3 ± 3.5	43.3 ± 4.5	0.5131	0.576	0.645-1.2147	0.543	0.674
ALT in U/L	67.4 ± 26.5	22.6 ± 15.4	< 0.0011	3.216	1.036-121.625	25.034	< 0.001
AST in U/L	53.5 ± 17.4	24.5 ± 10.6	< 0.0011	2.578	0.937-76.354	26.332	< 0.001
SMA
Negative	517 (87.3)	262 (94.2)	0.0022	1
Positive	75 (12.7)	16 (5.8)		1.146	0.545-1.654	0.543	0.653
ANA
Negative	477 (80.6)	244 (87.8)	0.0092	1
Positive	115 (19.4)	34 (12.2)		1.423	0.587-1.001	0.123	0.886
IgG
Normal	271 (45.8)	261 (93.9)	< 0.0012	1
Elevated	321(54.2)	17 (6.1)		6.001	0.957-12.353	6.075	< 0.001
LSM in kPa	7.67 ± 4.43	4.12 ± 2.25	< 0.0011	0.233	0.054-6.634	1.004	0.364
< 6	155 (26.2)	241 (86.7)	< 0.0012	1
< 9, ≥ 6	211 (35.6)	31 (11.2)		0.532	0.147-1.647	0.853	0.547
≥ 9	226 (38.2)	6 (2.2)		2.436	0.124-11.776	7.075	< 0.001
Blood donated frequency times	8.67 ± 6.43	8.42 ± 6.25	0.1071	1.233	0.874-1.134	1.032	0.832
< 5	139 (23.5)	62 (22.3)	0.1012	1
< 10, ≥ 5	252 (42.6)	102 (36.7)		0.932	0.927-1.433	1.032	0.883
≥ 10	201 (34.0)	114 (41.0)		0.247	0.257-1.754	1.054	0.664
Refused donated by elevated ALT
No	377 (63.7)	148 (53.2)	0.0033	1
Yes	215 (36.3)	130 (46.8)		1.668	1.061-3.143	4.804	0.027

Data are presented as n (%). Alcohol consumption: Often, the ethanol intake per week was more than 140 g in men (70 g in women) in the past 12 mo; Occasional, the ethanol intake per week was less than 140 g in men (70 g in women) in the past 12 mo.

¹One-way analysis;

²Pearson’s chi-square;

³Fisher’s exact test;

⁴Binary logistic regression. ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; OR: Odds ratio; SMA: Smooth muscle actin; PLT: Platelet.

Table 3 Demographic and clinical characteristics of cirrhosis by hepatitis C virus infection in remunerated blood donors and multiple logistic regression analysis of factors associated with cirrhosis

	Cirrhosis by HCV, n = 161	CHC, n = 431	P value	Multivariate4
				OR	95%CI	Wald	P value
Age in yr	58.4 ± 13.2	56.5 ± 9.4	< 0.0011	2.143	0.553-6.453	4.543	0.002
≥ 40, < 50	41 (25.43)	80 (18.6)	0.0342	1
≥ 50, < 60	82 (50.9)	270 (62.6)		2.443	0.242-7.345	1.423	0.065
≥ 60	38 (23.6)	81 (18.8)		3.223	0.124-14.344	3.153	0.021
Sex
Male	75 (46.6)	202 (46.9)	0.9512	1
Female	86 (53.4)	229 (53.1)		1.223	0.112-6.765	0.653	0.445
Alcohol consumption
Never	97 (60.2)	344 (79.8)	< 0.0012	1
Occasional	40 (24.8)	55 (12.8)		0.879	0.647-2.654	2.753	0.152
Often	24 (14.9)	32 (7.4)		1.004	0.875-1.744	3.057	0.005
BMI	24.12 ± 2.32	25.45 ± 3.22	0.3531	0.647	0.465-1.632	4.135	0.432
< 25	78 (48.4)	200 (46.4)	0.1082	1
≥ 25, < 28	68 (42.2)	162 (37.6)		1.242	0.574-1.735	0.536	0.438
≥ 28	15 (9.3)	69 (16)		0.665	0.426-1.645	0.476	0.537
HOMA-IR	1.53 ± 0.48	1.51 ± 0.52	0.556	0.023	0.772-1.423	0.365	0.221
PLT as × 109/L	147.3 ± 55.7	176.3 ± 84.2	< 0.0011	1.314	0.022-1.463	3.647	0.013
ALB in g/L	42.3 ± 3.5	43.3 ± 4.5	0.5131	0.864	0.707-1.364	1.557	0.675
ALT in U/L	67.4 ± 26.5	62.6 ± 25.4	0.1131	1.643	0.463-1.755	0.634	0.247
AST in U/L	53.5 ± 27.4	54.5 ± 22.6	0.2011	1.425	0.428-1.254	0.546	0.664
SMA
Negative	144 (89.4)	373 (86.5)	0.3462	1
Positive	17 (10.6)	58 (13.5)		0.526	0.537-1.843	1.034	0.536
ANA
Negative	130 (80.7)	347 (80.5)	0.9451	1
Positive	31 (19.3)	84 (19.5)		2.123	0.132-5.563	0.843	0.246
IgG
Normal	60 (37.3)	205 (47.6)	0.0252	1
Elevated	101 (62.7)	226 (52.4)		1.352	0.663-12.267	3.537	0.012
HCV RNA in LgIU/mL	7.12 ± 2.43	6.73 ± 2.533	0.0671	0.657	0.536-1.523	0.863	0.536
≥ 3, < 5	22 (13.7)	51 (11.8)	0.5462	1
≥ 5	139 (86.3)	380 (88.2)		1.325	0.972-1.445	0.143	0.782
Genotype
I	152 (94.4)	390 (90.5)	0.3102	1
II	8 (5.0)	37 (8.6)		0.753	1.003-1.664	0.623	0.242
III	1 (0.6)	4 (0.9)		1.862	1.182-1.635	0.845	0.118
Blood donated frequency times	8.67 ± 5.43	8.42 ± 6.25	0.1071	1.536	0.874-2.154	0.923	0.101
< 5	36 (22.4)	103 (23.9)	0.6982	1
< 10, ≥ 5	66 (41.0)	186 (43.2)		0.354	0.274-1.203	0.991	0.783
≥ 10	59 (36.6)	142 (32.9)		1.024	0.154-2.163	0.332	0.224
Refused donated by elevated ALT
No	94 (58.4)	243 (56.4)	0.6612	1
Yes	67 (41.6)	188 (43.6)		0.012	0.037-1.002	0.682	0.563

Data are presented as n (%). Alcohol consumption: Often, the ethanol intake per week was more than 140 g in men (70 g in women) in the past 12 mo; Occasional, the ethanol intake per week was less than 140 g in men (70 g in women) in the past 12 mo.

¹One-way analysis;

²Pearson’s chi-square; ³Fisher’s exact test;

⁴Binary logistic regression. ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; AST: Aspirate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; SMA: Smooth muscle actin.